Death penalty Essay -- essays research papers

Fifty years after the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the trend towards worldwide abolition of the stopping point penalty is unmistakable. When the Declaration was espouse in 1948, eight countries had abolished the death penalty for all crimes today, as of November 1998, the number stands at 63. More than half the countries in the world have abolished the death penalty in law or pr wagerice, and the numbers continue to grow.Amnesty International opposes the death penalty as a violation of fundamental human by rightss - the right to life and the right not to be subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment. Both of these rights are recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, separatewise international and regional human rights instruments and national constitutions and laws.Defense of life and defense of the state may be held to justify, in some cases, the taking of life by state officials for example, when law-enforcement officials mus t act immediately to save their own lives or those of others or when a country is engaged in armed conflict. Even in such situations the use of lethal force is surrounded by internationally accepted standards of human rights and humanitarian law to inhibit abuse.The death penalty, however, is not an act of defense against an immediate threat to life. It is the premeditated killing of a captive for the purpose of punishment - a purpose that can be met by other means.The cruelty of the death penalty is manifest not only in the execution but in the time spent under sentence of death, during which the prisoner is constantly contemplating his or her own death at the hands of the state. This cruelty cannot be justified, no matter how cruel the crime of which the prisoner has been convicted.The cruelty of the death penalty extends beyond the prisoner to the prisoners family, to the prison guards and to the officials who have to carry out an execution. Information from various parts of the world shows that the role of an executioner can be deeply disturbing, even traumatic. The right to life and the right not to be subjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment are the two human rights closely often cited in debates about the death penalty. But the death penalty also attacks other rights.In many cases prisoners are sentenced to death in trials which do not conform to int... ...ting the public on the uncertainty of the deterrent effect of capital punishment. A better public understanding of crime prevention and distressing justice would produce more support for anti-crime measures which are genuine and not merely palliative. At the very least, politicians should not make demagogic calls for the death penalty, lead astray the public and obscuring the need for genuine anti-crime measures.Often the national debate on the death penalty is conducted in purely national terms. The international dimension ask to be brought in. Countries can learn from other countrie s experience.Over the centuries, laws and public attitudes relating to torture have evolved. It is no longer permissible to use thumbscrews or the rack as legally sanctioned means of interrogation and punishment. Attitudes toward the death penalty are also changing, and bringing about abolition requires courageous political leadership, leadership that willing be exercised in the defense of human rights. The requirement of valuate for human rights has to include the abolition of the death penalty. It is not possible for a government to respect human rights and retain the death penalty at the same time.

Those who give up liberty for the sake of security deserve neither libe

Those who give up liberty for the sake of security deserve uncomplete liberty nor security National Identification Card (NID) is not a new idea to the Ameri cease mankind or its politicians. The NID has been up and down the policy-making stream as a means of fighting terrorism, welfare fraud, dirty immigration, crime, census error, and a vast variety of other so called crimes that you can think of. The NID once again rising up-stream after the terrible attack on the American soil as (again) the means to hold dear the American Public but is it capable of doing all it claims to or as a matter of facts it will make us much vulnerable to identity theft and more chaos?Now with the public still shaken after the Sept-11 attack and spooked by a growing number of anthrax cases, the clamor for tighter security is growing. proven of ID is required at almost everywhere, closed streets, cop on every corner of the street, citizens keeping their door locked and watching out for suspicious a ct of strength terrorist. So we look for ways to reassure ourselves and to soothe complicated new fears. Once again, the idea of national ID card is floating upstream and presumably would reprint or point out law-abiding citizens from potential terrorist. But NO, the national ID card would rob us off our constitutional freedoms. It will not protect us from terrorist. It would bring us into a deep dream of being secured. It will not stop the stream of illegal immigration. It would widen the door to the trespassing(a) thugs. Law enforcement would be allowed to stop anyone who was being suspicious and this is where Mandana says there could be a problem. This is where harassment and discrimination could come to place 1. It would cost us the revenue enhancement payers billions of... ...question that can you deal with all the problem and false hope that nID will bring to you and the public. National ID is not the answer or solution to our national security, illegal immigration, anti-t errorist, and protection for our citizens. There are other solutions to these problems that would go beyond the scope of my paper here but national ID is absolutely not the one. REFERENCES1 Donna J Groff rank on handling 3/4/02 http//anegada.cudenver.edu/csc4735/discuss/msgReader$3692 Clair Wolfe http//www.backwoodshome.com/columns/wolfe0111.html3 William Safire http//nytimes.com/2001/12/24/opinion/24SAFI.html4 Peter G Neumann and Lauren Weinstein http//www.csl.sri.com/users/neumann/insiderisks.html5 Phuong Kieu my posting on Discussion 2/20/02 http//anegada.cudenver.edu/csc4735/discuss/msgReader$294

Free Essays - Use of Excessiveness in Twelfth Night :: Twelfth Night essays

Use of Excessiveness in Twelfth Night     There be many methods to catching an audiences attention. Shakespeare for example, uses the method of excessiveness in his characters. Proof of this is shown in various forms throughout the novel, beginning with Orsinos obsessed fill in of Olivia. Then followed by Olivias sorrow for her long lost brother, and then her sudden change in interest. As well as thirdly, Violas attitude of excess towards Orsino, we can see the method utilise for yet some other time. The first Act jumps quickly into this form of excessiveness, drawing the reader into the novel, and gives personality to the characters.   The thought of somebody being in love with another, whom they commit never met, and never spoken to, is pure insanity. This man is clearly infatuated with this woman to an excess. He is a perfect example of excess, since he is the first to return it, and shows it rather clearly in his actions towards Olivia. He sends her messengers, thinks about her all the time, and every move he makes, is somehow related to her, although she has no idea who he is.   Olivia herself, is another prime example of excess. Olivia shows it in two main ways starting with the mourning of her brother and fathers death. Mourning, on a whole is a good convention thing, but in excess, (in this case, 7 years), is too much. She needs to move on with her life, and go on and do things, but she doesnt realize this until the spotting of Viola/Cesario, which brings me to her stand by way. Olivia becomes excessive over her/him, sending her messenger out to fetch him, just so she can see her/him again.   Our third of many examples of excess in this act, is Violas love for Orsino. Instead of leaving the country she was brought to and go back home like any other person, she disguises as an eunuch, so she can work for him. She would do anything to make him happy, even help him get Olivias love, just for him to n otice her. I think that, qualifies for excessiveness in this play.   As you can tell, Shakespeare used many examples of excess in his writing, from the very start of the first scene.

Insurance Fraud :: essays research papers fc

Insurance FraudInsurance Fraud is becoming hotshot of the top forms of fraud in America. Martin Frankel owned several mansions, luxury cars, and diamonds. He lived a life of complete luxury. A life of luxury that was paid for with money stolen through insurance fraud. Martin Frankel is one of the major contributors to insurance fraud. He constructed a scheme to malversate over 200 million dollars from insurance companies in several states across the U.S. He began his prime(prenominal) minor case of insurance fraud in 1986 and was not convicted until 2002 for insurance fraud, racketeering, and money laundering. Throughout his career he learned new ways to embezzle money and began to master the art of insurance fraud.Insurance fraud cost Americans billions of dollars every year as higher premium. It is viewed as mostly as a white-collar crime but it can come in many different forms. People who usually commit these kinds of frauds are motivated by avaritia for necessity or seeking w ealth and luxury. This may have been the case with Martin Frankel as stated by the prosecutors he was motivated by greed, sexual appetite and a lust for the high life a mansion in Greenwich, fancy cars, diamonds the size of nickels, and several girlfriends.In 1986 convince a businessman named Douglas maxwell to join him in etablishing the Frankel Fund. The Frankel Fund was an investment partnership in which the limited partners had to invest at least $50,000 each. In 1991 the Frankel Fund failed and the Securities and Exchange Commission taboo him from dealing with securities business for life. After that he using false names he set up the Creative Partners Fund LP. This fund was another rip off like the Frankel Fund but the minimum investment was only $10,000 and it spread through a much broader base of investors. He and his partner Sonia Schulte formed a thunor trust to purchase insurance companies that where in financial trouble.Martin Frankel made his millions from keeping th e very large reserves from the purchased insurance companies and spending it for luxuries instead of investing it and secure securities. He built a large false insurance empire through using the reserves to buy more and more insurance companies and then(prenominal) transferring the money from company to company to look as if the money remained untouched. He called his scheme the Ponzi scheme after Charles Ponzi who became rich from a pyramid scheme.

The Impact of Modern Science and Technology Essay -- Medical Medicine

The Impact of Modern skill and TechnologyThe quest for scientific knowledge should be boundless. There should not be some(prenominal) type of barriers to pr all the samet such an enrichment of knowledge, and that is exactly what information presents to us. Scientific knowledge can only help us in the long track d aver and point perhaps save us from catastrophes that may occur naturally in the world. There could be an agreement that science has produced some(prenominal) dangerous and devastating things which take hold brought society many occupations, but on the same token the good things that science has produced seems to outweigh the grownup. There is much to be said about the liberal things that science has produced throughout history. For instance, the creation of nuclear weapons, which hold back the potential of destroying the whole planet in a matter of hours. There are excessively many other blackball outcomes which science has created in our environments like the depletion of natural resources, technological unemployment, and environmental pollution. Unfortunately, the adversaries of science only want you to look at the negative things that science has created without mentioning and without giving recognition to the good things that science has created. In fact, many of these opposing individuals of science can be called hypocrites from their failure of using technology for their own rent and satisfaction. As Bishop mentions in his article Enemies of Promise, there are many people who are ignorant when it comes to science and, yet these ignorant individuals remedy have opinions that mislead other people who are less educated and less informed what greater reason should there be for us in learned more about science. Under all the scrutiny science has gone through by their adversarie... ...ving no matter how bad our situation becomes or how bad our environment gets and sometimes the combination of both. One could say that science is here to stay and there is nothing to stop it, and if that is the case one mustiness filter to learn everything that science introduces to us. It does not matter if the science being done is undesirable, we should still educate ourselves to understand the problem and perhaps fix the problem with sweeter and even more advanced technology. Trying to avoid science and to go against it would be like putting on blinders because everyone around you is looking forward for something new that could better the standard of living and even once self being. Work CitedLunsford, Andrea and John Ruszkiewicz. The Presence of Others Voices that call for Response 2nd ed. New York St. MArtins, 1997 Bishop,J. Michael. Enemies of Promises The Impact of Modern Science and Technology Essay -- Medical MedicineThe Impact of Modern Science and TechnologyThe quest for scientific knowledge should be boundless. There should not be any type of barriers to prevent such an enrichment of knowledge, and that is exactly what science presents to us. Scientific knowledge can only help us in the long run and even perhaps save us from catastrophes that may occur naturally in the world. There could be an agreement that science has produced many dangerous and destructive things which have brought society many problems, but on the same token the good things that science has produced seems to outweigh the bad. There is much to be said about the bad things that science has produced throughout history. For instance, the creation of nuclear weapons, which have the potential of destroying the whole planet in a matter of hours. There are also many other negative outcomes which science has created in our environments like the depletion of natural resources, technological unemployment, and environmental pollution. Unfortunately, the adversaries of science only want you to look at the negative things that science has created without mentioning and without giving recognition to the good things that science has created. In fact, many of these opposing individuals of science can be called hypocrites from their failure of using technology for their own need and satisfaction. As Bishop mentions in his article Enemies of Promise, there are many people who are ignorant when it comes to science and, yet these ignorant individuals still have opinions that mislead other people who are less educated and less informed what greater reason should there be for us in knowing more about science. Under all the scrutiny science has gone through by their adversarie... ...ving no matter how bad our situation becomes or how bad our environment gets and sometimes the combination of both. One could say that science is here to stay and there is nothing to stop it, and if that is the case one must try to learn everything that science introduces to us. It does not matter if the science being done is undesirable, we should still educate ourselves to understand the problem and perhaps fix the problem w ith newer and even more advanced technology. Trying to avoid science and to go against it would be like putting on blinders because everyone around you is looking forward for something new that could improve the standard of living and even once self being. Work CitedLunsford, Andrea and John Ruszkiewicz. The Presence of Others Voices that call for Response 2nd ed. New York St. MArtins, 1997 Bishop,J. Michael. Enemies of Promises

The Impact of Modern Science and Technology Essay -- Medical Medicine

The pertain of Modern Science and TechnologyThe quest for scientific knowledge should be boundless. in that respect should not be any type of barriers to prevent such an enrichment of knowledge, and that is exactly what science presents to us. Scientific knowledge can only help us in the desire run and even possibly save us from catastrophes that may occur naturally in the world. on that point could be an agreement that science has produced many an(prenominal) on the hook(predicate) and destructive things which have brought society many problems, but on the same token the good things that science has produced seems to outweigh the bounteous. There is much to be verbalise about the bad things that science has produced throughout history. For instance, the creation of nuclear weapons, which have the potential of destroying the whole planet in a matter of hours. There ar also many other negative outcomes which science has created in our environments like the depletion of natur al resources, technological unemployment, and environmental pollution. Unfortunately, the adversaries of science only want you to cypher at the negative things that science has created without mentioning and without giving recognition to the good things that science has created. In fact, many of these opposing individuals of science can be called hypocrites from their failure of apply engineering science for their own need and satisfaction. As Bishop mentions in his article Enemies of Promise, there are many people who are unplanned when it comes to science and, and these ignorant individuals still have opinions that mislead other people who are less educated and less informed what greater reason should there be for us in knowing more about science. Under all the scrutiny science has g ace through by their adversarie... ...ving no matter how bad our slip becomes or how bad our environment gets and sometimes the combination of both. One could say that science is here to stay a nd there is nothing to stop it, and if that is the slipperiness one must try to learn everything that science introduces to us. It does not matter if the science being done is undesirable, we should still educate ourselves to understand the problem and perhaps jumble the problem with newer and even more advanced technology. Trying to avoid science and to go against it would be like putting on blinders because everyone around you is looking for forwards for something new that could improve the standard of living and even once self being. Work CitedLunsford, Andrea and John Ruszkiewicz. The Presence of Others Voices that call for Response 2nd ed. naked York St. MArtins, 1997 Bishop,J. Michael. Enemies of Promises The Impact of Modern Science and Technology Essay -- Medical MedicineThe Impact of Modern Science and TechnologyThe quest for scientific knowledge should be boundless. There should not be any type of barriers to prevent such an enrichment of knowledge, a nd that is exactly what science presents to us. Scientific knowledge can only help us in the long run and even perhaps save us from catastrophes that may occur naturally in the world. There could be an agreement that science has produced many dangerous and destructive things which have brought society many problems, but on the same token the good things that science has produced seems to outweigh the bad. There is much to be said about the bad things that science has produced throughout history. For instance, the creation of nuclear weapons, which have the potential of destroying the whole planet in a matter of hours. There are also many other negative outcomes which science has created in our environments like the depletion of natural resources, technological unemployment, and environmental pollution. Unfortunately, the adversaries of science only want you to look at the negative things that science has created without mentioning and without giving recognition to the good things th at science has created. In fact, many of these opposing individuals of science can be called hypocrites from their failure of using technology for their own need and satisfaction. As Bishop mentions in his article Enemies of Promise, there are many people who are ignorant when it comes to science and, yet these ignorant individuals still have opinions that mislead other people who are less educated and less informed what greater reason should there be for us in knowing more about science. Under all the scrutiny science has gone through by their adversarie... ...ving no matter how bad our situation becomes or how bad our environment gets and sometimes the combination of both. One could say that science is here to stay and there is nothing to stop it, and if that is the case one must try to learn everything that science introduces to us. It does not matter if the science being done is undesirable, we should still educate ourselves to understand the problem and perhaps fix the problem with newer and even more advanced technology. Trying to avoid science and to go against it would be like putting on blinders because everyone around you is looking forward for something new that could improve the standard of living and even once self being. Work CitedLunsford, Andrea and John Ruszkiewicz. The Presence of Others Voices that call for Response 2nd ed. New York St. MArtins, 1997 Bishop,J. Michael. Enemies of Promises

Book Club Novel Study vs. Conventional Core Novel Study

Book Club Novel Study vs. Conventional Core Novel Study Although the Book Club approach and the received novel study approach are conference discussion oriented, the Book Club method is a more efficient way of extracting thorough abridgment from multiple perspectives. In the Book Club approach, students are forced to sound out because we are constantly macrocosm evaluated. During discussions, the teacher is always walking around evaluating groups.My group especially was always prepared because of the fear of not getting a good mark due to being unprepared. The fact that we are constantly being evaluated develops pressure on the students, which forces them to prepare for the discussion the night before. Preparing the night before allows for a more in depth analysis. If everyone is prepared with notes and questions the discussion will be much more interesting because everyone brings something to the table.Which in essence allows a much more effective and efficient discussion. Howe ver, with the conventional approach you have majority of the classroom not participating and not being touchd in the discussions. In last years English class, there were a set public figure of students who were always participated and then the majority of the class not effectively participating. Because the traditional method is a more broad discussion and there arent specific roles for students to carry out students are not pressured to be prepared.I can use myself as an example, last year there would be times I wouldnt read the sections assigned and because of this I found myself not participating and engaging in class discussions. The Book Club approach consists of continuous evaluation and a trusted set of tasks like discussion leading that force students to consistently engage in discussions. The evaluation creates pressure, causing students to be prepared and contribute during scheduled conferences. On the other hand, the traditional method of novel study is not as effecti ve.The students are not pressured because they feel as if they are not being evaluated on a regular basis. So students take advantage of this and feel their input is not necessary and rest of the class will carry their weight. To conclude, both approaches involve students participating and engaging in a group discussion but the Book Club approach has a higher efficiency in hurt of each students input during discussions in comparison to the conventional core study.

Determination of the molar mass of magnesium Essay

IntroductionThis test will be an attempt to determine the molar mass of magnesium. For that we will have an experiment where we ignore sulphur into hydrochloric acid. Then we measure the summate of gas created during the reaction. To get the molar mass itself we will have to make sure to record the conditions of the experiment such as the temperature or pressure.MaterialThe material used for the experiment was1. eudiometer2. thermometer3. barometer4. measuring cylinder (1000 cm3)5. Stand with clamp6. magnesium ribbon7. hydrochloric acidMethod1. or so 20mm of magnesium ribbon and weight it with the accuracy of 0.001g2. Pour 5cm3 of HCl into the eudiometer. Then carefully filling the eudiometer with water above the HCl, without mixing the liquids.3. Wind the magnesium ribbon nigh a piece of copper wire and let it hang down a little bit into the eudiometer. Make sure there is a clutter into the rubber s outmatchper and fill it with water.4. Place a large measuring cylinder filled with water in the sink. Put a finger all over the hole in the stopper and twisting the eudiometer upside down into the cylinder.5. Observe what happens with the hydrochloric acid and magnesium after a little while. When the reaction is complete clench at least 5 minutes so that the eudiometer reaches room temperature.6. Arrange the eudiometer in the cylinder so that the gas into the eudiometer has the same pressure as the straining pressure in the room. Note the air pressure and temperature in the room.7. Calculate the molar mass of magnesium.ResultBefore the experiment the magnesium was carefully charge on a scale. After turning the eudiometer the HCl started to go down towards the magnesium through the water. Once it reached it a reaction took place creating bubbles of air that went up to the top and pushed the water level down. Once the reaction ended all the magnesium was gone. During the reaction the temperature was read of a thermometer and the pressure of a barometer to get the most blameless values. finally we measured the volume of air inside the eudiometer.Conclusion and EvaluationWhen studding the results and comparing them with the book (24.31 ) one can see that the value received from the experiment () is very comparable. Percentage yieldDespite that high percentage the experiment was not accurate enough to have the book value within the misconduct range ().The biggest two sources of error in this experiment are the instruments (systematic errors) and of course the human factor (random errors). Also the part of the experiment where one is supposed to turn the eudiometer and put it into water can impossibly be done without bigger or lesser errors since its such a complex movement. Then I would like to put extra attention on the thermometer and especially the barometer. The thermometer could altogether show whole degrees which is a great loss to precision.Then the barometer seemed quite hoary and unstable and the need to convert the pressu re to Pascal and finally reading from it was quite hard which in my opinion was altogether quite hard. Also these where only the conditions in the entire room. One cannot be sure if they where exactly the same in the tube. Especially the temperature of water could have been quite different. Then of course the amount mg could have impossibly been measured accurately and we cant be sure if exactly all of it reacted. Also the unknown pureness of the reactants and the resolution could justify the error in the result.My suggestions for improvements is to begin with is use of more precise instruments. Then a different method involving a more closed purlieu and a different method for gathering data.Bibliography1. Standard Level Chemistry Pearson Baccalaureate by Catrin Brown and Mike Ford

How Islam responds to Relationships Essay

IntroductionThroughout this project, the intention of the information is to answer the questionHow does the religion of Islam respond to issues on dealinghips?All finished this Booklet, I check kept in mind to focus on the ideas of Islamic relationships and what this performer to a Islamic, in the Islamic definition.In Islam a definition of relationships means jointure, contr passage, sex, families, children and so on Therefore, if applied to Islam in liaison to the now late everyday life this would involve issues such as* Men & Wo workforces Roles in the family* Beliefs about the ethics of Divorce* Beliefs about knowledgeable Relationships* Religious attitude to the use of contraceptionThese atomic number 18 the subjects I pass on be talking about and looking oer at the Islamic perspective on these topics of concern. To portray the gain Islam has over these issues I will be using* The genuine teachings from the word of our deity Allah himself, doing this through the Qu ran.* Referring to important hadiths (lessons) and quotes from the prophet Mohammed (pbuh)* The message given out today by the most knowledgeable top scholars.These should give a clear message of what, the view on these issues used to be like, how they have progressed and possibly altered over the years, the differences on these matters from today in contrast to when the religion began, and how it is today, justly now in Muslim houses and nations across the world.Islamic spousal CeremoniesMarriage (nikah) is a solemn and sacred social contract between bride and direct. This contract is a strong promiseMithaqun Ghalithun as expressed in Quran 421.The marriage contract in Islam is non a sacrament. It is revocable, twain parties mutually agree and enter into this contract. Both bride and groom have the liberty to define various terms and conditions of their liking and make them a part of this contract.MahrThe marriage-gift (Mahr) is Gods com earthly concernd. The giving of mahr t o the bride by the groom is an internal part of the contract.And give the women (on marriage) their mahr as a (nikah) free gift (Quran 44)Mahr is a token commitment of the economizes responsibility and may be paid in cash, property or movable objects to the bride herself. The amount of mahr is non legally specified, however, moderation according to the existing social norm is recommended. The mahr may be paid immediately to the bride at the prison term of marriage, or deferred to a later date, or a faction of both. The deferred mahr however, falls due in case of demise or disassociate.One matrimonial party expresses ijab willing consent to enter into marriage and the other party expresses qubul evaluateance of the responsibility in the assembly of marriage ceremony. The contract is written and signed by the bride and the groom and their two respective witnesses. This written marriage contract (Aqd-Nikah) is then announced publicly.SermonThe assembly of nikah is turn to with a marriage sermon (khutba-tun-nikah) by the Muslim officiating the marriage. In marriage societies, customarily, a state appointed Muslim judge (Qadi) officiates the nikah ceremony and keeps the establish of the marriage contract. However any trust worthy practicing Muslim empennage conduct the nikah ceremony, as Islam does not advocate priesthood. The documents of marriage contract/certificate be filed with the mosque (masjid) and local government for record. prophesier Muhammad (pbuh) made it his tradition (sunnah) to have marriage sermon delivered in the assembly to solemnize the marriage. The sermon invites the bride and the groom, as sanitary as the participating guests in the assembly to a life of piety, mutual love, kindness, and social responsibility.The Khutbah-tun-Nikah begins with the praise of Allah. His help and guidance is sought. The Muslim confession of faith that There is no(prenominal) worthy of worship remove Allah and Muhammad is His servant and messenger is decl bed. The three Quranic verses (Quran 41, 3102, 3370-71) and unrivalled Prophetic saying (hadith) form the main textbook of the marriage. This hadith isBy Allah Among all of you I am the most God-fearing, and among you all, I am the foremost held responsible to save myself from the wrath of Allah, yet my state is that I observe prayer and sleep too. I observe fast and suspend observing them I marry woman also. And he who turns away from my Sunnah has no relation with me.The Muslim officiating the marriage ceremony concludes the ceremony with prayer (Dua) for bride, groom, their respective families, the local Muslim community, and the Muslim community at large (Ummah)Marriage (nikah) is considered as an act of worship (Ibadah). It is honourable to conduct it in a Mosque keeping the ceremony simple. The marriage ceremony is a social as well as a religious activity. Islam advocates simplicity in ceremonies and celebrations.Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) considered simple weddings the best weddingsThe best wedding is that upon which the least trouble and expense is bestowed.Primary Requirements1) usual agreement (Ijab-O-Qubul) by the bride and the groom.2) Two adult and sane witnesses.3) Mahr (marriage-gift) to be paid by the groom to the bride either immediately (muajjal) or deferred (muakhkhar), or a combination of both.Secondary Requirements1) Legal guardian (wakeel) representing the bride.2) Written marriage contract (Aqd-Nikah) signed by the bride and the groom and witnesses by two adult and sane witnesses.3) Qadi (State appointed Muslim judge) or Mazoon (a responsible person officiating the marriage ceremony)4) Khutba-tun-Nikah to solemnize the marriage.The Marriage Banquet (Walima)After the consummation of the marriage, the groom holds a banquet called a walima. The relatives, neighbours, and friends atomic number 18 invited in erect to make them aware of the marriage. Both rich and poor of the family and community are invited to the marriage feasts.Pro phet Muhammad (PBUH) saidThe worst of the feasts are those marriage feasts to which the rich are invited and the poor are left out. (Mishkat)It is recommended that Muslims attend marriage ceremonies and marriage feasts upon invitation.Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) saidand he who refuses to accept an invitation to a marriage feast, verily disobeys Allah and His Prophet. (Ahmad & Abu Dawood)Roles of Men and Women within an Islamic FamilyIslam teaches that men and women are equal and that Allah will judge them equally according to the way in which they have lived. Men and women are quite obviously different from each other and each have their own qualities, both of these joined to poundher in the act of marriage is what makes a family work well. Due to the differences and qualities, men and women have different responsibilities to their children and to each other. These responsibilities are in no terms biased against women, the responsibilities position upon the parents are balanced and equ ally as important to one another.Men do have the quality of normally be physically and mentally stronger than women, and for this, they are expected to provide his wife(s) with sufficient money to allow her to buy food, direct care of the house and look after the children.But this does not mean that the beginner just has a financial role, not at all, the father is the leader of the plate in Islam, it is his responsibility to set the social and emotional nature for the home and family. Mens responsibility in Islam goes far beyond only financial. If the father is emotionally distant, perpetually angry, or closed off, chances are this will confer throughout the rest of the family. Thus, the role of the father and husband as a tone-setter is a key element in the leadership & running of the household. I tag in my own home that when my father is engaged in reading/activities, I will take kindle and want to join him. Rather than get upset at me for interrupting him, he will usually try to include me in what he is doing in a way that is playful and educational. This allows me to take an interest in it as well, increasing the bond and emotional connection between us.Islam gives fathers and mothers a great deal of responsibility for raising their children. It was narrated that Abd-Allaah ibn Umar heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) say, Each of you is a shepherd and is responsible for his flock. The leader is a shepherd and is responsible for his flock. The man is the shepherd of his family and he is responsible for his flock. The woman is the shepherd of her husbands household and is responsible for her flock. The servant is a shepherd of his masters wealth and is responsible for his flock. He said, I heard this from the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him).Women are expected to cook food, clean the house, and take care of the children but the fathers do also have a part in the upbringing of the childr en and the day-to-day house chores as Mohammed (pbuh) used to help his wife Khadija at the housework as well.Also equal rights are given to both the women and men in Islam Women do have the right to dissect if they which, to refuse a marriage, to divorce, to inheritance, to keep their own names, to own property, to take part in politics, whether they are married or not.Women are owed more respect in Islam than men and the pathway to heaven is at your mothers feet.Muslim Beliefs about the Ethics of DivorceMuslim marriage is supported by Islam and is classified as a very good act between a man and women however Muslims are not so ignorant to think that marriages dont fail. They do, it is acknowledged that they do, and since marriage is a legal contract between two people and if the continuation of a marriage brings misery to the couple and their children, it can be undone.In a hadith it statesIf a wife fears cruelty or desertion on her husbands part, in that location is no blame on the, if they arrange an amicable settlement between themselves and such settlement is best even though mens souls are swayed by greedAlso it is said that of all things allowed in Islam but disliked (this is known as makrooh e.g. smoking) Divorce is the most hated of them all. A man cannot seek to have a divorce from his wife until it is certain that she is not pregnant, as they may change their mind and try and give it another go if the woman is pregnant. Also as divorce is much hated and is not to be done lightly at all, once divorce has been announced there is a period of three months called iddah this is a period of three months to allow for a possible reconciliation of the marriage. If there is no reconciliation then the divorce is permitted to take place.A woman is also allowed to have a divorce, either by an agreement with her husband or because of his treatment of her. Children are regarded as illegitimate if their parents are not married and, according to Shariah law, the father has no legal responsibility.These are the complete conditions of marriage in the contract and the circumstances in which it is permitted, back up by quotes from the Quran.Requirements* Marriage implies that both husband and wife are able to live with one another with kindness, respect and cooperation. It is their responsibility to raise a family and it is a covenant binding on both parties.* There are times when marriages fail and no solution can be found except divorce.* The Quran orders men to either live with their wives on good terms or divorce them, but they are not to hold them hostage When you divorce a woman and they are about to fulfill their Idda, either take them back on equitable terms or set them free, but do not take them back to injure them. Chapter 2, verse 231.* A woman has the right to seek a divorce from her husband if she feels that their marriage is doomed. If you indeed fear that they would be unable to keep the limits ordained by God, there is no blame on either of them if she gives something for her freedom. Chapter 2, verse 229Muslim Beliefs about Sexual RelationshipsIn Islam, grammatical gender is considered part of our identity as human beings. In His creation of humankind, God distinguished us from other animals by giving us reason and will such that we can control doings that, in other species, is governed solely by instinct. So, although sexual relations ultimately can result in the duplicate and survival of the human race, an instinctual concept, our capacity for self-control allows us to regulate this behaviour. Also, the mere fact that human beings are the only creatures who engage in sexual relations once they are beyond the physical capacity for reproduction, sets us apart from all other species, which engage in sex for the sole purpose of reproduction.beyond child rotateing, sexual relations assume a prominent role in the overall well being of the marriage. In reading hadith, one is impressed with the Prophets abi lity to discuss all issues including those dealing with human sexuality. The topics range from questions about menstruation to orgasm. He apparently was not embarrassed by such inquiries, but strove to adequately guide and inform the Muslims who asked. Both Quran and hadith allude to the nature of sexual relations as a means of attaining mutual satisfaction, compactness and compassion between a wife and husband.Permitted to you on the night of the Fasts is the approach to your wives. They are your garments and you are their garments.(2187)AdulteryAlso, Muslims are advised to avoid sexual talk during menses so as not to cause discomfort to the woman.It could be said that Islam has a very realistic attitude towards sex and realises that both men and women can be tempted to have a sexual relationship impertinent of marriage. Sexual activity of any kind is explicitly forbidden and adultery by the husband or the wife is a serious crime.Nor come night to adultery for it is a shameful d eed and an evil, opening the road to other evils (surah 1732)Sex Before MarriageNaturally, attraction between individuals is necessary to initiate a relationship that leads to marriage. But sexual relations can obviously take place between any couple, consenting or not. Because of the far-reaching ramifications of sexual relations outside of marriage, God prohibits Muslims from such behaviour. And because the process that leads to physical attraction and ultimately intimacy is part of human nature, Muslims are advised to behave in a way and avoid circumstances that could potentially result in extra- or pre-marital sex. reservation in dress and behaviour between women and men figures prominently as a means of exhibiting self-control. Similarly, unmarried couples are admonished against spending time alone in isolated places where they would be more likely to act on their feelings and thus be less inhibited.HomosexualityHuman beings are capable of many forms of sexual expression, ori entation and identification. The existence of such a variety again is not found in any other species and thus further demonstrates our uniqueness among Gods creations. The potential for behaviour, such as homosexuality, does not mean that its practice is lawful in the eyes of God. Therefore, individuals are expected to control themselves and not act on their desires if such action is contrary to the guidelines of Islam. Homosexuality, like other forms of sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage, is thus out(p). In any discussion of prohibited acts follows the question of what happens if they nevertheless occur.The Quran and hadith are explicit regarding severe punishment by the State if a person is convicted of such a crime. However, in order for conviction to take place, the individuals must confess or be accused by at least four eyewitnesses of the act of actual intercourse. Obviously, the likelihood of these criteria being met is small which means that most couples who engage in unlawful acts will not be punished by the State. They will then deal with the consequences of their behaviour in this life and will be accountable to God on the Day of Judgement. Only He knows how He ultimately judges.Muslim Beliefs about contraceptionContraceptionAlthough Muslims are encouraged to have children, contraception is not prohibited. The method used during the time of the Prophet was coitus interruptus (known as azl) about which several hadith exist. His basic response when asked if such a practice was lawful was that individuals can do as they will, but if God intends for a child to be born, she/he will be born. Some interpreted this to mean that preventing pregnancy is not recommended because childbearing is preferred yet the act is not specifically prohibited. Also, other hadith stipulate that azl could not be practiced without the wifes consent as it might interfere with her sexual satisfaction or desire to bear children.The Quran does not make any explici t statements about the morality of contraception, but contains statements encouraging procreation. Various interpretations have been set forth over time, and at the time of this writing, discussions on the web can be found easily that take various positions. Early Muslim literature discusses various contraceptive methods, and a study sponsored by the Egyptian government concluded that not only was azl (coitus interruptus) acceptable from a moral standpoint, but any similar method that did not rise sterility was also acceptable.It is permissible to use condoms so long as this does not cause any harm and so long as both husband and wife consent to their use, because this is similar to azl (coitus interruptus or withdrawal). But it reduces the sensation of pleasure, which is the right of both partners, and reduces the chance of conception, which is also the right of both partners. incomplete one of them is allowed to deprive the other of these rights. And Allaah is the course of stre ngth. islamic-paths.org, Sex and Sexuality in Islam Condoms (2005) 4By analogy, the methods that exist today as contraceptives are lawful for Muslims to use at their discretion. Basically, it is our position that any method that does not involve pregnancy termination is permissible. Imam al-Ghazzali lists a number of legitimate reasons for practicing contraception, including* Financial difficulty* Threat to mothers wellness* Chance of child being born with mental or physical deformities* Emotional or psychological hardship* Already having many children* Preservation of sweetie and health.It should be clear from this discussion, that since sexual relations should be confined to marriage, contraception is so limited. It is not considered a means of easing the difficulties associated with sexual relations outside of marriage and should most certainly not be used in this way at all.ConclusionOverall, all in all in my heart truthful opinion, I do believe that Islam the true words fro m Allah does promote marriage among society, does accept that marriages do fail and permits divorce and the use of contraception.I accept that marriage breakages can happen and that they cannot be forbidden as the continuous misery of two people is worse than the split of their marriage so it should be permitted. However I do think that in todays modern society people are getting married with the thought that they can just divorce if it goes wrong but I believe this is truly wrong People should seriously contemplate whether or not the time is right for them to get married before they just go into it.Also despite being Muslim myself I feel that the permittance of a man having more than one wife is wrong and unfair on the women themselves, because no matter how fair the man wants to be, hell never be able to treat all them with the identical fairness. Also I dont feel that a man is able to truly love more than one woman at the identical time, so having more than one fair would make one think that the man doesnt actually love any of his wives but keeps them for pleasurably reasons only.I also have to disagree with a certain Shariah law stating thatChildren are regarded as illegitimate if their parents are not married and, according to Shariah law, the father has no legal responsibilityI believe this to be unjust as women cannot become pregnant by herself the man in full knowledge of what he was doing had sex with her, giving him responsibility for any offspring created from it. Also men may very well use this law as a means of taking advantage of women as they will not be held responsible for any children created as a result of it.Apart from those, Islam has a very modern and fair way of looking at relationships, and apart from those mentioned I dont believe that women are treated unfairly in anyway at all.BibliographyThe holy quranthe companions of the prophet book2al-nawawis 40 hadithsReligion & equality bookletwww.islamonline.netwww.islam101.comwww.bbc.co.uk /gcse/bitesizewww.islamicforums.com

Importance of science Essay

Before understanding the importance of science and engine room, it is important for us to understand that science and engineering are closely associated with our lives. They are closely linked aspects of society and the studies and developments in both of science and technology are requirement for the overall progress of society. Why is technology so important? How does scientific development affect society? Let us find out.scientific research comprises a wide variety of fields ranging from the study of different branches of science to relatively advanced fields like space exploration, human genetics and cloning. Scientific study attempts to explore and understand the working of the physical world. It tries to analyze the occurrences in reputation and gain knowledge about nature through experimentation. As scientific research aims at gaining knowledge of the complexities of nature, it is important for the progress of mankind. The seemingly impossible feats have been do possible, thanks to the scientific research.Natural sciences deal with the study of nature and human life. The studies of natural and artificial sciences reveal the relationship between nature and human life. Research in science has paved a path to legion(predicate) brilliant inventions and discoveries.When it comes to science and technology, we cannot forget the automobile and the transport industries that have grown tremendously on account of the developments in science and engineering. Technological advancements have impelled the developments in the different modes of transport. Bicycles have transformed into scooters and sport bikes. Four and six wheeled vehicles have started running on the roads, thanks to the advancing technology. The developments in business transport have winged the common man to soar highThe importance of technology lies in the benefits of technology on society. The positive effects of technology on society are many. The advancements in technology have revolution ized human life. It has provided a great impetus to the computer and the telecommunication industry. The developments in the communication technology have made the world a smaller place. The Internetserving as an excellent communication platform has made the world flatThe being Wide Web has proved being an enormous information base, from which information can be retrieved by the means of search engines. Information from all roughly the world is housed on the web. Thanks to the development of the web technology, the information can be stored in an organized manner and relevant information can be retrieved on supplying search strings to the web search engines.Digitization of information has been a major breakthrough in the world of information technology. It has made possible the compaction of information, which in turn allows efficient information storage.The most important benefit of science has been the luxury it has brought to daily life. The mechanization of industrial processe s has reduced human effort. Household appliances that are in the daily use of the common man are a result of scientific research. Machines have replaced human beings in monotonous and risk-bearing tasks. Scientific discoveries have made life easy.

Marxist Theory of Crime

Using the material from item A and elsewhere assess the usefulness of redness approaches to an understanding of crime and deviance. (21 marks) Marxist approaches can be useful to help us understand crime and deviance. Marxists theory adopts the belief that the ruling class is responsible for societies. They think crime is systematically generated by the structure of capitalist parliamentary procedure. Marxists believe that society is divided into two classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.The bourgeoisie promote values such as individualism and competition, and some may argue that it is these values that promote crime amongst the typical offenders, the proletariat. Traditional Marxism attempts to beg off the relationship between the two aforementioned classes, with writers such as William Chambliss reason out that the best way to understand crime and deviance is to analyse the process by which the ruling class exploit their subordinates , through means such as the media , ideology and false-class consciousness, to name a few mediums.An physical exercise of this, again the result of a study conducted by Chambliss. Marxist say that the rich and powerful square up what is considered deviant and criminal in society to suit their own needs and interests. This supports item A as it states a set of rules laid down by the state in the interest of the ruling class. This is reflected in crime statistics the most common offenders are young, black males between the ages of 15-21. A counter argument to this is the head of Strain Theory developed by Robert Merton.Traditional Marxism argues that it is increased aggression and individualistic nature of the capitalist society that inspires individuals to commit crime, however Merton comments that it is Strain between goals and the legitimize means to achieve these goals that cause an individual to commit crime. It is also noted that the Traditional Marxist theory only looks at the cause of crime, and not the e ntrap that the crime has on the society. Another sociological theory that attempts to provide an explanation for crime and deviance is the Marxist subcultural theory.This Marxist theory of crime goes on to explain it is the emergence of youth subculture that result in crime. It is argued that only the groups on the margins of society are the few that are not bound by the ideology and scotch importance of the ruling class, and due to this immunity, they are able to somewhat freeze off the influence of the capitalist society. The largest group which display this resistance are typically the working class youth.According to Brake, amongst other writers, the resistance which is provided by the working class youth is expressed through youth subcultures. A subculture is defined as a group within a society who adopt alternative norms and values to mainstream society. The youth part of these subcultures will wear different, or rather radical enclothe compared to mainstream society, and t heir language, among other attitudes and formalities, will show a contempt for the capitalist system of which they are on the fringes of.It is also said by Brake, that this resistance is magic, magical in the sense that this resistance does nothing to solve the problems that are experienced by the youth subcultures, but it still continues, because each generation, it is said that the capitalist society produces vast wealth inequalities and opportunities, said by Althusser. Stan Cohen, on the other noted that this analysis of working class youth subcultures are based on analysis, and as such, are biased, due to these writers looking to prove that subcultures are a direct attack on the capitalist society.A criticism that Cohen provided is that there are many shipway in which an individual can interpret the actions of a subculture, the Marxist view on this just so happens to be one of the many views in circulation. Blackman also notes that the concentration on youth subcultures and r esistance ignores the fact that many subcultures are formed with an emphasis on, gender, sexuality, and also intelligence.Youth subcultures exist everywhere, in also institutions, for example in education. There are some who specifically desire to adhere to the rules of the education, and follow direction as they are given, and there are those who wish to resist because they find schoolwork autonomous, (the earoles and the lads ), which is taken from the interpretivist view of education.

On Some Motifs in Baudelaire

Seminar Questions 1. Modernism- genus Benzoin, Walter On some Motifs in Baudelaire Question 1 In On some Motifs in Baudelaire Walter Benjamin argues that panoptic exposure to stimuli, or shocks, in the environment alters the human experience of our world and creates a conditioned reception within the crowd. How does this overstimulation shape our current society and was Benjamin correct in warning against it? Walter Benjamin implied that our heeds are not equipped with the facilities to handle these shocks.These develop into environmental stressors and thus our decision-making skills are weakened and we just get the person in front of us. While over stimulation is an epidemic in current times I do not believe it has created forgetful hordes of people. The biggest effect of over stimulation is an individuals continuous partial direction. Not being able to focus on one thing center focusing on multiple tasks and then not doing any of them completely. Our minds rapidly switch bet ween a variety of separate channels.Initially, this may lead to fatigue. However, the mind can build off of this and become stronger. This is why current culture deems louder, brighter, faster, and shocking media as better. For society to notice anything it needs to be an attention grabber, and when society is constantly focusing on a variety of media you are bombarded with I do not agree that these shocks create a conditioned reaction within the crowd but I do believe they create them within the individual.An individuals need to process multiple channels of discipline at once allows information that isnt sold as the biggest, brightest, and best to fall through the cracks. ? Question 2 Walter Benjamins description of a flaneur as a detached observer describes a spectator who seems to maintain their individuality from the crowd. One that can break free from rationalized understandings while being exposed up to new perspectives and experiences. Do modern cities and their computer ar chitecture embrace the idea of the flaneur? Modern architecture embraces the alienating nature of modernity.It creates cities that encourage crowds and a fast-paced means of life. Commercial typologies like malls, subway systems, and high-rise office buildings create a certain environment that do not encourage individual reactions. When something is designed to pull together a similar reaction from different types of people it lessens the chance for chaos and also allows a behavioural expectation to be set within a certain environment. When people are expected to react in similar ways it allows the people in charge to be better prepared for characteristic instances.Police can work better, government can create more effect universal policies and transportation can run smoother. Therefore, it benefits the rulers of a city to for modern architecture to follow the same instances. Perhaps the flaneur is the architect, but the vision and idiosyncrasies that the architect tries to insti ll within each project get syphoned out through different concrete world factors. Factors that include budgets, clients tastes, feasibility, and materiality. These factors chip away at truly city changing architecture and create an environment where the same projects move on to get churned out.

Eating and ‘preparing’ foods that require no art whatsoever in making

It is definitely true that our society has become accustomed to eating and preparing foods that require no machination whatsoever in making. Canned goods and microwave products are rampant in todays everyday menu. The reason for this, I believe, lies in the characteristic of this generation of being slow to learn anything difficult or while-consuming. Art unquestionably comes from things that take time and require effort sculptures that take weeks to finish, movies that take months to film and hundreds of people to accomplish, and poems that ask for concentration, time, and effort.People now unavoidableness to learn things quickly, finish objectives within eight hours, and forget about them in less time. They want their food delivered in less than half an hour. They want massages in under half an hour. In fact most of the services today raise be taken out or delivered. Taking time and effort to learn, master, and perfect things are no longer of interest to most of us. To add on to this already non-conducive situation of quick surface learning, poverty fans the flack of the lost tradition of home cooking.Although a long and artful process of preparing food is ideal and very high-culture, most people simply do non have the luxury of cooking such fancy and multi-ingredient meals. Most of the population, classified as low income families, has to make do with meals that are simply fried and non really cooked as much as they are heated. These over-processed foods are quick to prepare and simple, such that they lower the costs of a family. The effect of this is very awful for our culture.The rich heritage of unique methods and ingredients of cooking are lost due to lack of motivation and lack of financial capability. I agree with this. There can be no doubt as to the reality of the slow dying of the tradition of cooking within a family. Most families share these throughout generations via the institutionalize of cooking meals together and transferring their knowledge. However, due to the younger generations lack of interest in anything artful and effortful such as cooking, this transference is being impeded and at long last ended.Less and less people inherit their familys unique recipes and family dishes. Also it is clear that poverty does play a role in limiting a familys participation in cooking tradition. Baking for example is a very expensive activity and only those who have the luxury of eating pricey desserts engage in it. However, I believe that time also plays a role in the death of the cooking tradition. Families seem to hold less and less time together (another ethnical issue altogether) and one of the first things that suffer from this is the time spent preparing, cooking, and eating dinner together.

How to Deal with Difficult People

I work at JC Penneys and I hear griping all(prenominal) the time from other associates and definitely from customers. Even I boot active how work does not put up up finished. My job is to bring out merchandise from the stockroom so I can hang them up on racks. Every morning after I clock in we have to cross our bags so we can put our money in the understands. Right as I leave to occur my drag in from the stockroom a customer always has a outlet. It never fails that someone has to return. This customer wanted to return a pair of jeans without a receipt or get behinds. It is hard to explain to a customer our policy if she doesnt want to listen.I told her the policy was that if she wanted to return some matter she would have to have a receipt or the tags. She wanted me to call management since she knew someone that worked in that location. I call the operator and ask to see if there were any(prenominal) managers available. The operator told me that there was no one availa ble until noon. I knew after I hung up the customer would not be happy. The irritation arose when the customer said, Well I dont have until noon I want my money now After enjoining her again that no one was available she was clean rest there with her arms crossed wanting her money back.After a few transactions I finally decided to tell her that she can exchange it for the same thing she had. You arent supposed to do that but that was the only thing I could think of right then. That idea had worked. I could finally bring closely her off my back and get on with my work. She went to get another pair of jeans. She wasnt happy with what she got but we twain apologized for the mess and that was it. I finally made it to the stock room to get my embroil. Most of the clothes I put out needs to have a security ink tag on the sleeve.The quite a little who work in the stock room are supposed to hang and put one on each article of clothing. I can not take anything out of the stock roo m until they are hung right and ink tagged. I went over to the associate and asked her why they havent been ink tagged. She gave me a nasty check and said that I could do it. That part takes up to much time so I cant get my work finished. I told the lady I wasnt going to take out the cart until it was done right. on that point were roughly eight people working in the stockroom at the same time so you would figure the cart would be finished.Another lady decided to quit what she was doing to complete the job. While I was back out on the floor arranging for the clothes to all fit on the racks she brings the cart out to me instead of me having to go back there and get it for myself. She told me that the other girl that didnt do the tagging wasnt quality to well and wanted to get out of there as soon as possible so that was why she didnt do it. I told her that I was mad or anything I upright wanted to get this cart out so I could get another cart. The phone rang as I was get ready to put shorts out and it was my manager.She told me over the phone that if they dont have time to do something in the back that you should be able to finish the job on your own. I told her that it wasnt our job to ink tag the clothes. Even the people in the back were told from management that they had to do it. I didnt even have any ink tags to do it anyway. She told me that it was ok and I went on with my work. Later in the evening when my work was just about complete I was ringing up a customer and this lady stormed up to the register with an New World Order wrestling shirt.The shirt was from the Childrens Department and I work in the mens room Department clear on the other side of the store. I asked her if she needed any help. She started complaining about how these shirts are a disgrace to our children and shouldnt be sold in stores. Waiting to check out about she was preaching to me and the other customers of how it will influence children to fight and get hurt. As I was just s tanding there I could feel the heat arise in my body because I didnt know what to tell her. I just told her that this is the in-thing and it is a big seller for kids.She snapped back at me wanting to speak to a manager. I called management and they came right away. The customer started going on and on to her about the same thing and the manager told her she was sorry how this clothing has an effect on her and should not buy it if she doesnt like it. We are not the only store that sells this article of clothing. The manager offered her a ten-dollar gift certificate but the customer refused state she will never shop here again. She simply threw the shirt on the counter and everyone in greenback was staring at me.The next person in line said that I shouldnt have to put up with people like that. That lady was rude to cut in line to argue about some clothes. I was talking to her how there were stores all over the world selling wrestling shirts. The griping customer saw that I was busy so she came to interrupt my work. I just forgot about what happened and went back to doing my work. Gripers right away are found every-where you go. If you want to quit griping just try to keep whatever you want to gripe about to yourself and then there wont be any problems or arguments.

Poverty in Botswana Essay

P all overty is outlined either in relative or absolute terms. According to Datta, 1995 99, relative poverty is the deprivation in comparison to the living standards of other people who are the majority. On the other hand, absolute poverty refers to neediness of minimum resourcefulnesss to maintain a minimum standard of living. The statistical measures used by the governments conceal so much some poverty, its extent, victims, and even the distribution. This is because aroundly it is seen in economic terms such as consummate(a) National Product or the per capita income which has been employed as the real indicator of social welfare.However it has been sight that this method of measurement is concealing a great deal of information on poverty e. g. the inside variation in the progress in economic development by different groups in the population. Since Botswana achieved self-importance governance in the 1966, it has experienced rapid economic growth poverty in the hoidenish areas has persisted over these years. There has likewise been brisk development to show in terms of infrastructure, education and health development.Botswana full like any other African unsophisticated is still considered a third world demesne because the endemic poverty has not escaped this southern African state considered to be having broad economic growth annually. Even though significant progress has been made in the last dickens decades in terms of economic growth, i. e. per capita gross domestic product increasing from 1,600 dollars in 1980 to nearly 10, 000 dollars today, most analysts argue that there is slim chances of the country halving the number of people living on less than a dollar a day by 2015.According to the raisehold survey done in the country in 2002/2003 the unemployment rate was 23. 8 percent. It also indicated that income inequality in Botswana also increased between 1987 and 2003 hence analyst argue that poverty is not only quite widespread but also dee p rooted because it has persisted in spite of growth. However according to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 47% of the populations live below the poverty line, that is, they live on less than one dollar a day.Further half of distaff headed households live on less than one dollar a day (Challenges 2006-7 Poverty in Botswana persists despite growth). This UNDP survey also indicate that the poorest 20% of the population get a merely 4% of the national income while the 20% richest share a whooping 60 percent of the total national income. According to McFarlan M in his paper The Micro economic impact of HIV/AIDS in Botswana, this statistics shows the high train of inequality in Botswana. That the urban- homespun divide intensifies the already rampant inequality.The further statistics shows that four out of quintet members of a household still depend on the income from a family member in urban and that about one-fifth of rural households do not have any income source that could be recorded (MacFarlan M et al 2001) Women education Poverty does not necessarily refer to want of possessions or income, experts argue that it also refer to lack of skills, knowledge, understanding and empowerment. It also refers to as a households financial unfitness to meet its basic nutritional, education and shelter needs (UNICEF, 1993 77).Poverty hence tend to be to a greater extent severe in particular groups in a society like low income groups, female- headed households, rural communities who cannot irritate social amenities like schools. Poverty, women and lack of education has been reported in many parts of the world, both in developed and developing countries. These uneducated female household heads are relatively younger and poorer. With lack of information and having high dependency burden, the circle of poverty continues. Poverty in Botswana has remained mainly a rural phenomenon whose bulk population are women.The female headed households are highly affec ted. This trend has been a cycle where female- headed house holds whose offspring are female end up heading their own households with inherited poverty. Botswanas rural women lack access to economic opportunities and resources. Women also have no access to opportunities in economic resource exploitations. They lack access to agricultural land and other resources like technology, employment and credit. Whenever a poverty succor program fails in the village, it is women who feel the pinch because they form the bulk of those who depend wholly in agriculture.

Broken Families and Social Problems: Effects and Coping styles Essay

followup of LiteratureThe following paragraphs present the different ways of how teenagers in a furrowed family cope with their problems. It is offshoot summarized by and by the carve up of the minors p bent followed by its effect on the child until it reaches its jejuneness days.After the Divorce of the Childs p argonntsAccording to Green (2014), after divorce, children of solely ages may fuck deficits in emotional stupefyment and may seem tearful or depressed, and that open fire last several(prenominal) years after a childs parents have separated. Some older children may disposition very little emotional reaction to their parents because they are actually bottling up their negative feelings inside. This emotional stifling makes it difficult for parents, teachers and therapists to help the process her feelings in developmentally appropriate ways. In rail most of the children with lowly families end up having poor academic and change of life-styles. This poor academic progress can motif from a number of factors, including instability in the home environment, inadequate financial resources and inconsistent routines.Divorce affects childrens hearty relationships for several ways. Some children act out their distress about their low-down family by playacting aggressive and by engaging in bullying behaviour, some may experience anxiety and can make it difficult for them to join co-curricular activities, and develop a cynical attitude towards relationship, harbour feelings of mistrust towards both(prenominal) parents and potential romantic partners. At home their lifestyle will change, more(prenominal) chores, heavier responsibilities, and the older sibling may have to act a parental-type role when interacting with younger siblings. Children of divorce tend to fall in their academics and in their fond life. Children are already affected when the divorce is on the process, not before.Effects on the child to its youth daysChildren are most likel y to move or change school after divorce and cant catch up with making friends and their academics. Most of the children who dont pick out how to cope with their situation ended up having low self-esteem, anxiety, and trust issue. (Mann, 2011) And there is a higher self-destruction rate for children of divorce than for children of normal families. There is nocorrelation found between the death of a parent and suicide of a child. The suicide seems to be triggered by being rejected by a parent. (Larson, 1990) In general, children of divorce feel emotionally unsafe as a child. Most of them dont feel any attention and are 6 times more likely to feel totally as a child. When in need of comfort they do not go to their parents. (Marquardt, 2005), they are broadly speaking unhappy, behave impulsive and irritable. They are socially withdrawn and as a result, they feel lonelier, insecure, anxious, and are little obedient to their divorced parents. (Wallerstein, 1991)The so called sleeper effect kicks in on children of divorce on a later age. Most Young boys tend to express their emotions and frustrations freely. Their emotions fade out. Young girls however, keep their emotions internally more often. They do not deal with them. Their emotions stay within and they surface when they mature. Usually, this occurs in a period in which they make essential decisions for their lives for many years to come. They are unconsciously influenced by the anxiety and fear resulting from the divorce of their parents long ago. (Wallerstein & Blakeslee, n.d.) If children are confused with different things going on in the family or at school and they have feelings of frustration, more disagreements may occur. Behaviour problems tend to increase for boys when a step-father is introduced to the family (Muzi, 2000).It is said that half of the valet de chambres community is plagued by broken families and crime. Over the past few decades, marriage has become little important and that is the cause of the problem. Better parenting and stronger families is the blusher to mending the broken society. (Problem of the Broken Family, 2014) In single family homes, children develop greater autonomy where they tend to spend more time alone or with peers. It was found that sons are more likely to resist directives and rules, where as daughters typically have a closer relationship to their induce (Freeman, 2002).However, if mothers inappropriately discuss financial matters with their children or express a negative feeling toward their ex-spouse, it can decline the desire for the child to spend time with the parent due to increase confusion about the unscathed situation (Bigner, 2002). Adjusting issues that children may have include academic problems, internalizing and externalizing problems, low self esteem, and early engagement in sexual activities (Anderson 1999)Current SituationIt is said that half of the worlds community is plagued by broken families and crime. Over the pa st few decades, marriage has become less important and that is the cause of the problem. Better parenting and stronger families is the key to mending the broken society. (Problem of the Broken Family, 2014) Families are the core of society. When families fall apart, society falls into social and heathenish decline. Ultimately the breakdown of the worlds family is at the root of nearly every other social problem and pathology. Most children grew up in intact, two-parent families. Today, children who do so are a minority. Illegitimacy, divorce, and other lifestyle choices have radically changed almost every family, and thus have changed the social landscape. There is a dope of scientific evidence showing that when families disintegrate, children often end up with intellectual, physical and emotional scars that persist for life.He continues, We talk about the drug crisis, the education crisis, and the problem of teen pregnancy and juvenile crime. But all these ills trace back predomi nantly to one source broken families. (Zinsmeister, n.d.) Broken homes and broken hearts are not only the reason for so many social problems. They are also the reason for the incumbent economic difficulties we face as a culture. The moral foundation of society erodes as children learn the poisonous values of the street rather than the civilized values of culture. And government inevitably expands to intervene in family and social crises brought about by the breakdown of the family. Sociologist Daniel Yankelovich puts it this way people suspect that the nations economic difficulties are rooted not in technical economic forces (for example, exchange rates or capital formation) barely in fundamental moral causes.There exists a deeply intuitive sense that the success of a market-based economy depends on a highly developed social moralitytrustworthiness, honesty, concern for future generations, an ethical code of service to others, a humane society that takes care of those in need, fru gality instead of greed, high standards of grapheme and concern for community. These economically desirable social values, in turn, are seen as rooted in family values. olibanum the link in public thinking between a healthy family and a robust economy, though indirect, is clear and firm. (Anderson, 1994)Statement of the ProblemThis research seeks to gather information on how high school students withbroken families cope with their problems. Specifically, the following questions are asked 1. How high school students are socially affected with broken families in Zamboanga city. 2. How do they cope with their broken family situation?ReferencesBigner, J. (2002). Parent-Child Relations An Intoduction to Parenting. (6th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Merrill scholar Hall.Freeman, H. S. Family transitions during the adolescent transition implications for parenting. Adolescence. Fall 2002. Retrieved September 27, 2004 online via www.findarticles.com.Muzi, M. J. (2000). The experience of Parenting. New Jersey Prentice Hall. Wallerstein, Judith S. (1991). The long-term do ofdivorce on children A review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(3), 349-360.

Arguments Against The Flu Vaccine

every(prenominal) fall anneal we hear the question did you get your grippe shot yet? It is supposed to cherish you from that nasty flu virus that circulates our communities during the fall and winter months. But, did you know that in 2011 the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Adverse Event describe Systems Website (AERS) reported 51 wipeouts ca employ by the flu vaccinum in the United States (U. S. ) (CDC,2012).According to National vaccinum data Center (NVIC), as of July 2012 there fork up been more than 84,000 reports of adverse reactions, 1000 vaccinum related deaths and oer 1600 cases of Guillain- Barre syndrome, a acute form of paralysis, triggered by the vaccinum (NVIC. ORG). A conundrum exists in the fact that tally to the ( NVIC) fewer than 1% of all adverse vaccine reactions are ever reported, this fact is substantiated by the problem of underreporting vaccine injuries according to the joint operated site by the CDC and Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) (VAERS , 2011). look claims that receiving the flu vaccine exposes people to a number of dangerous chemicals that have been known to cause multiple side do, unhealthiness conditions, and deaths. The U. S. Governments public health agency, the CDC, pledges to base all public health decisions on the highest fiber scientific data openly and objectively derived (Doshi, 2013, Marketing vaccines, Para 1). Peter Doshi, a postdoctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins University School of medicine, argues that in the case of influenza vaccines and their marketing this is not the case.He believes that the vaccine might be less(prenominal) beneficial and less safe than has been claimed and the threat of influenza appears overstated. Doshi goes on to further question the CDCs good word that the influenza vaccine can only do good, pointing to serious reactions to influenza vaccines in Australia, Finland and Sweden. (British Medical Journal, 2013) Every year scientists travel to Asia and have to guess which specific viruses are active and circulating that season and have to chose 3 strains of flu out of the 300+ known documented strains of influenza (flu) viruses.These 3 viruses are wherefore attenuated or weakened and added to the mix of a number of other ingredients, which we will review, to make a flu vaccine. The ingredients listed in influenza vaccines are available in the inserts provided by the vaccine manufacturers and also affix on the CDCs vaccine Pinkbook website. A few of the ingredients include Thimerosol, 2 Phenoxyethanol, Aluminum, Beta Propiolactone, ammonium Sulfate, Formaldehyde, Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), Gentamycin Sulfate, Polymixin B and more. The ingredient Thimerosol is apply as a preservative in the vaccine.It is 49. 6% mercury by lading and is a powerful neurolysin. It has been implicated in many heath conditions such as cardiovascular collapse, autism, seizures, genial retardation, hyperactivity, dyslexia and many other central nervous system of rules (CNS) disorders. ( CDC, Pinkbook). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) says it best hydrargyrum in all of its forms is toxic to the fetus and children and efforts should be made to reduce exposure to the extent attainable to pregnant women and children as well as the general population (AAP.Pediatrics- para 8, 2001). 2 Phenoxyethanol is an anti bacterial agent being used as a replacement for the preservative Thimerosal. This industrial ingredient is used in perfumes, insect repellents, antiseptics, germicides and dyes. According to the Material safety data sheet( MSDS) 2 Phenoxyethanol is harmful if swallowed, inhaled or captive thru the skin. It may cause reproductive defects. EPA data sheets show chromosomal changes and genetic mutation effect in testing (Dunkin, 2008). Aluminum is added to vaccines in many forms.It works as an adjuvant to stimulate your immune systems response to the virus in the vaccine. Aluminum has been found to be a dangerous neurotoxin that has the a bility to slip past the blood brain barrier (BBB) causing brain damage, Alzheimers disease, dementia, Parkinsons disease, Lou Gehrigs Disease (ALS), convulsions and coma. Human and animal studies have shown that Aluminum can cause nerve death (Mercola, 2011) Beta Propiolactone is an ingredient to assist with sterilizing the vaccine. It ranks high as a hazardous chemical on at least 5 federal regulatory lists.It has caused lymphomas and hepatomas after being injected into lab mice but its true effects on humans is not known. Due to animal study results the international Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified beta-Propiolactone as a possible carcinogen. MSDS sheet states toxic to liver and kidneys (Spectrum Laboratory Products). Ammonium Sulfate is a substance added to pesticides. It is unknown at this time as a carcinogen but its been surmise in gastrointestinal, liver, central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory system toxicity.On its MSDS sheet all hazards credit o n carcinogen, mutatagenic (cellular mutations), teratogenic (fetal development) and developmental toxicity are listed as not available. (ScienceLab, MSDS) Formaldehyde is used as a preservative to stabilize the vaccine. It is used as a chemical to embalm cold bodies and preserve laboratory specimens. It has been classified as a known human carcinogen (cancer causing substance) and has been ranked as one of the most hazardous compounds on at least 8 federal regulatory lists.Formaldehyde is suspected of weakening the immune system and causing neurological system damage, genetic damage, metabolic acidosis, circulatory shock, respiratory failure, and acute renal failure (ARF) (Kendon, MSDS. 2004). Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is used in vaccines as a stabilizer to prevent the vaccine from breaking down. MSG is also found in processed foods. MSG has been linked to mental retardation, ill disorders, learning disorders, behavioral disorders, reproductive disorders, retinal damage and lesio ns on the brains of lab animals (Hoernlein,2012).Gentamycin Sulfate is an antibiotic added to protect the vaccine from bacteria during storage. Gentamycin sulfate has been linked to deafness, nervous system disorders, and kidney damage (Sciencelab. MSDS). Polymixin B, an antibiotic that is added to protect the vaccine from gram negative bacteria during storage, has side effects that include targeting the central nervous system (neurotoxic) and causing kidney failure from acute tubular necrosis (Luther,2013).Any one of the above ingredients can have negative effects on the human body especially the very young , very old, pregnant, and the immunocompromised population. But the effects of all of these ingredients in one vaccine, thats certainly toxic and at times can be lethal. A normal response to an influenza vaccine is localized redness, soreness, fatigue, mild fever, malaise for 1-3 days followers a flu shot. Consider these adverse reactions listed by MClawers, a vaccine soil law firm.Death encephalopathy Brachial Neuritis Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Thromboctyopenic Purpura Multiple Sclerosis Transverse Myelitis Reflective Sympathetic Disorder autoimmune Hepatitis Trigeminal Neuralgia Connective Tissue Disorders Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) Anaphylaxis Encephalitis Seizures Arthritis Intussusception Guillain-Barre syndrome Complex Regional Pain syndrome Tourettes syndrome Lupus Wegeners Granulomatosis Kawasaki Disease (Mctlawyers, vaccine injury)The numbers of injuries resulting from the these vaccines were so undeniable that in October, 1988 Congress created the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, creating the National Vaccine Compensation Program(VICP). The VICP is a no fault alternative to the traditional tort system for resolving vaccine injury claims and provides compensation to people found to be injured by certain vaccines (all Influenza vaccines are covered). Every vaccine is taxed and the monies go into a compensation fund that is manag ed by US Court of Federal Claim, complete with vaccine courts, vaccine judges and attorneys who specialize in vaccine cases only. Monies are awarded to patients/families who have suffered from vaccine related injuries or deaths.In 2011, 200 million dollars were paid out in compensation for vaccine injuries. In 2012, there was 300 billion dollars available in the vaccine injury compensation trust fund. Overwhelming evidence of the numbers of people hurt by the toxic ingredients in the influenza vaccines and the incidence of adverse reactions, permanent injuries and deaths due to the toxic ingredients in the influenza vaccines continue to climb. Research has well documented these injuries and exposed the cause and effect of hazardous chemicals on our human population. A itsy-bitsy knowledge can be frightening, meanwhile a lack of knowledge can be lethal. Be informed.

Dutton Donald G. Rethinking Domestic Violence Essay

Dutton, Donald G. Rethinking national frenzyIntroduction This harbour was create verbally by Dutton rough domestic abandon. It gave us the history ab knocked surface(p) assault on matchs. Dutton dialog of two major social phenomena that emerged in North Ameri move and the western sandwich countries in Europe. Rights of women were acknowledged by every cardinal later on long and tedious struggle of women to approach recognized. It goes further to carry the measures and incidences of force-out including theories concerning women assault. This criminal record is very important for it teaches slightly recognizing one another especially those who consider the godforsaken fewonealities. It is good for the golf club for it initiates one to accept others rights and difference between sum duties and rights. This book shows us that we flush toilet eliminate all odds in our society and try touch on each and every person feel that he or she belongs to the society fully wi thout each intimidation and discrimination. Duttons ideas can be single-valued functiond to jockstrap those who engage the abusive personality by encouraging them to attend psychiatrists teachings. It can be used to educate spouses in marriage so that they will evade rising marriage conundrums. Also, in the current globalized world, the ideas in this book can serve us socialize and go together in peace and harmony especially in a domestic set up. This book can help people who are married in other cultures to harmonize or leave those cultures and then live with the acceptance and respect of each others rights. Weiss, Elaine. Surviving house servant Violence Voices of Women Who Broke Free. Volcano Volcano Press,2004. Print. In this book, Surviving Domestic Violence, Elaine wrote about several stories of women who had been subjected to domestic force out. She got these stories by interviewing and later writing them down. It talks of what each one of them went through and how they later managed to escape it. It gives reasons as to why such incidences were happening. After getting out, the women took a very long time to recover the psychological and wounds they got referable to thisviolence but some were yet to fully recover for the ordeal they had gone through had impacted negatively on their lives. Those who managed to deal with emphasise after coming out said that they felt stronger than ever. The different stories taught in this book are the true causes and effects of domestic related violence. They bring about what one goes through and how one feels while under red ink the violence. Also, it helps to understand what to do when such incidences happen. It in like manner shows its effects and how they alternate ones life thitherfore targeting those who abuse their partners. This book is a very ideal example as it shows us that those who have already freed themselves from the marital abuses can educate others like the youth and couples about domest ic violence so that they refrain from it The stories are very encouraging for they give the people motivation to solve their problems and similarly how one can escape this. They can be used by those specialists in parental advocate and counselling to help them shape their marriage when such incidences are reported to them and even before couples get married. The ideas in this book can enable those under termination abuses to get out and look for a better marriage partner. One only needs to accept that he or she is undergoing domestic violence and therefore if it cannot be solved, one can boldly walk away and start life afresh. Marriage is not slaveholding but its a path towards achieving your goals in life as one needs a partner who is willing to assist where possible so that they make all their dreams in life to happen. abused Men The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence Cook, Philip W. Abused Men The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence. Westport Praeger,2009. Print. Phillip exposes ho w men goes through domestic violence silently. He talks of how real it is that men are going through domestic violence without the society suspecting. He brings several stories of men who have been undergoing through such violence from their wives for a long time. Then he goes further to give tips that can help one to find freedom from any have of abuse. Then he addresses resistance and acceptance for those who are abusing their spouses and how they hap to realize that each and every person deserves to be respected. He also talks of new not bad(p) approaches that can be used to reduce domestic violence. He then gives survey statistics of domestic violence in Canada. It also talks about how the relationship changes between the offenders to their victims. The story is helpful in realizing what some men go through. It gives statistics of domestic violence that people are not ready to talk about. The society is helped to recognize men who are undergoing domestic abuses from their spo uses. It is helpful because statistics help people to know how long they have been living with their friends undergoing abuses without even realizing it. It talks of acceptance which can help those who are yet to accept their spouse the way he or she is. It is helpful for it shows how much men can be subjected to torture with use of dangerous tools such as knives, machetes and any other type of a life-threatening tool or machine so that one can force their partner to follow ones commands. Philips ideas can be used to know the men who are undergoing abuses experienced from their wives and enable us to help them roll in the hay out of the problem. Also, it encourages courage especially those who are not courageous enough to come out and govern their ordeal to the society. This book can help men to free themselves away from any pull in of abuse and intimidation from their partners. This book is very important as it can be used to tell the extent in which men undergo violence in real life situations. Men can also use this book to help them evade any other form of domestic violence against them and therefore reducing the number of men who die as a result of domestic violence. Howard, Louise, Louise Howard, broker Feder, and Roxane Agnew-Davies. Domestic Violence and Mental Health. London RCPsych Publications,2013. Print. This book has been written collectively by different authors who narrow down in domestic violence ideas. It talks about prevalence and physical health impacts of domestic violence. It talks about types of abuses in marriage such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and imperious control and also it questions them and gives clues on how they are brought about and their solution. It also talks of effects of the persons psychology which is deeply affected even in the future that may not get them out of his mind. It stresses on survival strategies to evade such abuses and also how one can control ones mind to avoid damaging his or her psychology. This book also gives the sortings of interventions and responses people can take after or when you suspect any form of violence. Advices from professionals on domestic violence are also written down. This book has directives on what causes mental problems after abuse. It also gives us ways on how to control ourselves and plead a state of calmness so as not disturb our stressed mind. It educates us on different forms of domestic violence. It is an important text for it has pieces of advice on domestic violence from professionals point of view. The story in this book can help us to evade mental problems due to domestic abuses and can be used by psychiatrists to know what causes a certain mental disorder and they can use the ideas here to enable their clients who are undergoing this problem to get out of it. It can also be used to educate couples so that when they are not in good name to try to their best solve the problem before it gets out of hand. The advices writ ten in this book can also be used in the same way to advice people especially those undergoing domestic violence depending on the root cause and the kind of violence. Kubany, Edward S, Mari A. McCaig, and Janet R. Laconsay. Healing the Trauma of Domestic Violence A Workbook for Women. Oakland new-made Harbinger This book is directed to those who have been freed from domestic violence and especially women. Due to violent domestic situations, one may develop post-traumatic stress disorders which are not easy to get out of ones mind and can negatively affect that person. It is aimed at giving programs known as cognitive trauma therapy which one undergoes to help him or her come back to normal. It gives the techniques one can use them to help himself or herself by identifying any form of trauma and distress one has that can enable one to deal with it to help control and change his or her life . This book is targeting those who have been affected by domestic violence so that they come b ack to normal. It is an educational tool for the society to understand the devastating effects of wife battering. Therefore it makes us to even identify those who are going through post-traumatic stress. It contains technics and procedures one can follow so that they make him deal any results brought by domestic violence. It is also helpful as it helps chase out any fears one has due to what they went through during that horrifying period of domestic violence. Psychiatrists can use this book to help traumatized people come back to normal. The ideas here can help us to even identify those going through stress in their marriage so that they are helped before its too late. This book can be used also by the parents who are not in good terms to read and understand what one may go through if such incidences happen. The techniques in this book about dealing with trauma after violence can be used by psychiatrists to help clients who underwent this so that they identify what they are in trau ma of and this can help them to accordingly better their lives. It can also be used individually as one can remember well what went wrong in that marriage and help better their lives.ReferencesCook, Philip W. Abused Men The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence. Westport Praeger,2009. Print.Dutton, Donald G. Rethinking Domestic Violence. Vancouver UBC Press,2006. Print.Howard, Louise, Louise Howard, gene Feder, and Roxane Agnew-Davies. Domestic Violence and Mental Health. London RCPsych Publications,2013. Print.Kubany, Edward S, Mari A. McCaig, and Janet R. Laconsay. Healing the Trauma of Domestic Violence A Workbook for Women. Oakland New HarbingerWeiss, Elaine. Surviving Domestic Violence Voices of Women Who Broke Free. Volcano Volcano Press,2004. Print.Source document