The History of Alcohol Essay Example For Students

The History of Alcohol Essay Bradford Wright9/5/03Alcohol, which has an interesting and far-reaching history, has beendiscovered, used and prohibited throughout the ages. Long before theevolution of humans, alcohol had always existed in nature as part of theliving process in plant and animal life. Man has never had to manufacturealcohol. Small but definitely measurable quantities of alcohol arenormally present in many parts of the human body: in the liver, brain andblood; from bacteria in the large intestine; and in the muscles. Alcoholic beverages were probably discovered accidentally. People would have first tasted alcohol in fermented fruit; they were quickto take to and improve on this strange, new taste. People discovered thatalcoholic beverages could be produced from practically any fermentablematerial: fruits, berries, flowers, honey, the sap of trees, milk and fromalmost any plant or animal substance containing carbohydrates or sugar. Inthe tropics, people learned to use the sap of palm trees and cactus. In theFar and Near East and in Europe, they used honey and milk. In the NewWorld, they used corn, barley, wheat, sugar cane, potatoes and a widevariety of other plants. We will write a custom essay on The History of Alcohol specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now By the time recorded history began, only a few people had notdiscovered alcoholic beverages, mainly because they were geographicallyisolated from the main continents. These exceptions have led manyscientists to theorize that wine and alcoholic beverages produced fromgrains appeared only after agriculture was established in the economic lifeof man. Actually, alcoholic beverages were as important to primitive manas they are to modern man. They were the soothing substances whichpermitted him to escape from the constant threats of his hostile worldcold, hunger, warfare and illness. Alcohol also became an important part ofearly tribal and religious life. While severe intoxication was often awelcome part of many religious festivals and tribal ceremonies, personaldrunkenness apart from ceremonials was generally frowned upon, as it isnow. Earlier civilization developed many reasons or occasions fordrinking. Ancient civilizations used alcohol to welcome friends and to takeleave of them. They drank in honor of new leaders, new years, marriages,births and deaths. People drank to each others health and to avoid eachothers illnesses. They drank to launch ships, to celebrate victory, and toforget the misery and defeat of war. They drank in luxury as a symbol oftheir wealth and in poverty to forget their hunger. They drank to theirgods and to many earthly things. However, all throughout the history of alcohol, there were alwayspeople who preached against the sin. In 2300 BC, history records (in theCode of Hammurabi, King of Babylon) a number of price-fixing and dispensingcontrols of alcoholic beverages. These statutes were directed attavernkeepers of the time. Some years later, in ancient Egypt, thepriesthood issued a number of proscriptions against drinking in excess. These were among the earliest instances of a religious caste concerningitself with the problem of excess alcohol consumption. Attempts to dealwith the problems of excessive drinking were also recorded throughoutPersian, Cretan, Arabic, Greek, and Roman history. Prohibition as one means of coping with the excess consumption ofalcohol was attempted in many forms throughout history. The rulers of manycountries tried to enact these restrictions. That prohibition neversucceeded in its purpose is always seen in its early repeal. In general,early laws were directed against the consequences of excessive drinking,rather than at drinking itself. Drinking, by itself, was not regarded assinful by the early Christian church. Such laws originally adopted by theprinces of the church were directed not against drinking, but againstdrunkenness, specifically among the clergy. As the influence of the churchgrew during the Middle Ages, these ordinances were broadened to include thepopulation as a whole and, in effect, became common law. However, none ofthese factors accounts for the prohibition of alcoholic beverages among thepeople of certain Far and Near Eastern religions, such as Islam. Somescholars believe that the Islamic prohibition against alcohol resul tedmainly from their religious rivalry with the Christian church, and alsofrom their belief that wine was polluting and their desire to prevent theexcesses commonly associated with drinking. .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c , .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c .postImageUrl , .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c , .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c:hover , .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c:visited , .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c:active { border:0!important; } .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c:active , .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0eb896ab4cbe646b2017724ca2be9b2c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: United they stand, divided they fall EssayCondemnation of drinking by the Christian church as sinful and immoral cameinto being in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Protestant Reformation. The preaching of temperance by Calvin and Luther had a profound effect onnot only Europe, but upon Colonial America, which was just being settled bypilgrims of these faiths. Until the 18th century, wine, beer and ale had satisfied most ofthe civilized desire for alcoholic beverages. Once more variety of drinkcame about, people tended to drink in excess more often. This excess ofdrinking became a public concern. Public leaders everywhere (doctors,ministers, artists, writers, etc.) began to speak out against the excessesof alcohol. Despite the severity of the problems associated with excessivedrinking, national prohibition did not succeed then for precisely the samereasons (social, economic, and political) that it fails today. Back then,instead of prohibiting excessive drinking, dilution of alcoholic beverageswas encouraged. In 18th century England, distillation as an industrial processwas encouraged. Englands traditional animosity toward France culminatedduring this time in the imposition of heavy tariffs on French wine imports. As a substitute for the light wines of France, the smuggling of Dutch ginbecame a major industry until English production of distilled spirits gotunderway. Then, within a short period of time, the English changed from adilute alcohol drinking nation to a relatively hard liquor drinkingnation. The drinking pattern suddenly changed from beer and ale (containing8% alcohol) to port (18%-22% alcohol) to gin (35%-45% alcohol). Gin wascheap and every encouragement was given to the people to purchase it. By the middle of the 18th century, England came to regret itsearlier policy of encouraging the production of gin and other distilledspirits. The government embarked on a permanent program of coping withdrinking excesses by levying higher and higher taxes on distilled spirits. Along with these increasingly prohibitive costs to consumers, came morerigid regulations concerning the manner, times and terms of sale ofalcohol, and the licensing of pubs. The success of these laws andregulations can be proven by the fact that today England is once againprimarily a dilute alcohol drinking nation, a country of beer and aledrinkers. In the United States, we were as picky in our drinking as in allother things. Founded precisely at the time when distillation was rapidlybecoming an important industry in other parts of the world, Americaimmediately became a hard liquor drinking nation in which gin andwhiskies played an important part. Although the early colonists had tosatisfy their meager drinking wants mostly with home-brewed beer, ale andwine, by the late 1600s, rum was imported from the Caribbean islands andthe distillation industry was established and encouraged. The history of New England is noted for its laws involving a widevariety of prohibitions and penalties. The laws of Colonial Americapreempted those of the church. Drunkenness, defined as a sin by church law,was translated in precisely those terms into secular law, where it hasremained practically unchanged to today. Punishment, including fines,flogging, imprisonment, censure, instead of treatment, has likewiseremained the primary discouragement to excessive drinking. Drinking excesses mounted throughout the last half of the 18thcentury. Communities all over America were manufacturing their owndistilled whiskies. The people west of the Allegheny Mountains were cut offfrom the supplies of gin on the eastern seaboard and also from supplies ofrum from the islands. So they discovered a way of distilling alcohol fromtheir bulk productscorn and grainby converting them into a kind ofliquid gold. The bourbon whisky they distilled was small in bulk,relatively easy to transport, and had a high money value. It became muchmore than mere spirits; it actually became a medium of exchange, to theextent that bottles of bourbon were occasionally placed in church coffersinstead of cash. .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99 , .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99 .postImageUrl , .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99 , .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99:hover , .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99:visited , .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99:active { border:0!important; } .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99:active , .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99 .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u01f3894c555c07fcdfea0895b0fa2d99:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Operations Management Essay Paper Before the Civil War, Americans of drinking age drank largeamounts of hard liquor, primarily rum, whisky and gin, and small amounts ofbeer and wine. After the Civil War, coinciding with the immigration ofGerman and Scandinavian beer-drinking peoples, a radical change in Americandrinking patterns became evident. By 1915, Americans were consuming largeamounts of beer and much smaller amounts of hard liquor. The Americandrinking style has remained much the same to this day. Despite briefflirtations with such hard drink as the 1920s bathtub gin and the 1980sdesigner vodkas and single malt whiskies, Americans generally remaincontent with the co nsumption of softer products such as beer and wine. Thepopularity of alcohol is likely to continue despite the regular eruption oftemperance movements; this and the current 20th centurys focus on theillegality of drugs seems to predict that national alcohol prohibition willnever again be attempted in the United States. One encouraging note is therecent consideration of alcoholism as a disease and the emphasis placed noton punishment, but on treatment of alcoholics

Plural Nouns Forms

Plural Nouns Forms Nouns are words that indicate objects, things, places and people such as: computer, chair, beach, janitor, etc. Nouns are one of the eight parts of speech in English. Nouns that speak about objects you can count have two forms: the singular and the plural. This guide to the plural noun forms will help you understand how to make regular and irregular noun plurals. There are also irregular verb forms in English that need to be studied, as well as changes in the comparative and superlative forms that are very similar to the plural changes in noun forms. Regular Noun Plural Forms - Just Add S For most nouns, just add s to the end of the noun. singular noun s plural noun computer - computersbag - bagsbook - bookstable - tableshouse - housescar - carsstudent - studentsplace - placesetc. Irregular Noun Plural Forms - Nouns Ending in Consonant Y Nouns that end in a consonant y drop the y and add ies to the end of the noun. singular noun - y ies plural noun baby - babiesparty - partiespaddy - paddieshobby - hobbieslady - ladiesferry - ferriessherry - sherriesdandy - dandiesetc. Irregular Noun Plural Forms - Nouns Ending in SH, Ch, S, X, or Z For nouns that end in sh, ch, s, x, or z, add es to the end of the word. singular noun ending in sh, ch, s, x or z es plural noun beach - beachesbox - boxeschurch - churchesbuzz - buzzesloss - lossesfox - foxeswatch - watchesdress - dressesetc. Irregular Noun Plural Forms - Nouns Ending in O Many nouns that end in o proceeded by a consonant require an e before s to be placed at the end of the word. Unfortunately, there are also nouns that end in o that do not require changes. To begin with, here are examples of nouns that do need to change. singular noun ending in consonant o es plural noun tomato - tomatoeshero - heroeszero - zeroespotato - potatoesecho - echoesetc. Other nouns that that end in o proceeded by a consonant DO NOT require an e before s to be placed at the end of the word. Nouns ending in o proceeded by a vowel do not change. kilo - kilosradio - radioslogo - logospiano - pianossolo - soloscargo - cargoshalo - halosetc. Unfortunately, there is no clear rule as to when to add an es or just s. These plurals need to be learnt on their own. Irregular Noun Plural Forms - Nouns Ending in LF Nouns ending in the consonant combination lf drop the lf and end in ves. singular noun ending in consonant lf - lf ves plural noun leaf - leaveshalf - halvesself - selveswife - wivesknife - knivescalf - calvesshelf - shelveswolf - wolvesetc. Irregular Noun Plural Forms - Different Spellings There are a number of irregular plurals that change spellings in different ways such as man to men and ouse to ice here are some of the most common: man - menwoman - womenchild - childrenfoot - feetperson - peoplemouse - micetooth - teethdie - diceetc. Animal Plurals There are many animals that have irregular plural forms. Some animals do not change when forming the plural. deer - deerfish - fishsheep - sheeptrout - troutsquid - squid Other animals change form in the plural. mouse - micegoose - geeseox - oxenlouse - lice Irregular Noun Plural Forms - Nouns That Remain the Same in Singular and Plural Nouns that do not have a plural form are also known as uncountable or non-count nouns. These nouns include concepts, materials, liquids as well as others. concepts: advice, fun, honesty, information, ambition, etc.materials: steel, wood, plastic, stone, concrete, wool, etc.liquids: water, wine, beer, soda, oil, gasoline, etc. Still other nouns remain the same whether in the singular or plural. These nouns take the plural conjugation of tenses, but remain the same spelling. Here are some examples with sentences to indicate the difference between singular and plural usage. crossroads - crossroads There is a crossroads at the end of this street.There are a number of crossroads between here and downtown. series - series The new series about a robot is great.There are four new series on ABC this month.

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Strategic Management - Essay Example This resulted into deforestation. In Autocratic or Authoritative management style, the senior managers take all the important decisions without considering the involvement of workers. Senior managers do not trust their workers; they simply give orders to them. The disadvantage of Autocratic style of management style is that there is only one way communication, and this creates â€Å"them and us† attitude in between managers and workers. In FC, the organizational structure was hierarchical too. So, there was a wide gap between top to bottom order. Due to this kind of command and control system, workers just did only what they were told to do because of fear. Centralization is a system in which the concentration of decision making lies in few hands only. All the important decisions are subjects to the approval of top-level management and other levels can implement these decisions as per the directions of top level managers. On the other hand, decentralization means systematic de legation of authority to all levels of management and to all departments of an organization. In 1995, David Bills was appointed as the Director General of FC. One notable point about him is that he is an outsider from Australia. Environmental concern is one of the big issues in front of FC. Few groups raised environmental issues against FC; they accused FC of lack of awareness in various environmental and animal right issues. It became very crucial to FC’s economic survival. Nowadays, the term 'corporate social responsibility' is much closer to all organizations. Corporate social responsibility refers to the way companies integrate environmental, social and economic concerns into their values and operations in an accountable and transparent manner. It is related to long term growth and success of the organization. It plays an important role to contribute to the sustainable growth of communities. It became a responsibility of any organization to foster and promote corporate so cial responsibility. Another problem in front of David Bill is to change the FC’s culture. It is more difficult to change the existing culture than create a new culture in a new organization. When an organizational culture is already there, it is difficult for people to forget their old behavior, beliefs and assumptions and to adapt a new behavioral pattern. In business world, one thing can be least assured, which is change. If any organization experiences changes, resistance among employees is common. Executive support and training are most important elements to create a cultural change. When David Bill joined the organization, he found a very challenging task in the organization and that was to boost the morale of employees, who had a very low morale and they considered the organization to be a ‘sinking ship’. For him, the most important task was to raise the morale of the employees and to employ them as profitably as he could in the organization. The main aim of the FC was to rebuild and maintain the timber reserves. But the organizational structure was highly influenced by the â€Å"hierarchical military systems of the time and the use of military language† (McCann 2004, p. 949). Hierarchical system in an organization allows for understanding the direct line of authority. There should be a line of authority.

Is it important for society to try to save languages that are in Essay

Is it important for society to try to save languages that are in danger of disappearing Should governments create laws to encourage the protection of endangered languages - Essay Example It is very important for the society to preserve their languages. This is because it encourages the growth of culture and social progress. The steps taken to promote the propagation of native languages to encourage the linguistic diversity and the cultural traditions in the world, which inspires solidarity based on understanding, indulgence, and discourse. Most of these languages under threat of extinction are due to powerful languages such as English, French, Spanish, and German. Languages are the most important tools of communication. They help reflect the view of the world according to the different communities that speak marginalized languages. They are also tools of value systems and of cultural expressions. Languages contribute as the dominant factor that gives identity to various communities, groups, and individuals (Zrioka, 2012). Despite the increased importance of technology, it has also contributed to extinction of language. The age of cyberspace and digitalization has con tributed a lot towards the extension of these languages. This is because the use of powerful language like English has dominated the education system in many countries. It has made the young people to try to learn it for a better career (Council of Europe, 2010). The governments should create laws to encourage the protection of endangered languages. This can be done by setting up of a native language day. This will encourage the societies to maintain their cultures and traditions and strengthen the unity and cohesion of societies. Secondly, the government can protect the use of this language through the enacting Minority Language Protection laws. Protection laws will encourage the use of minority languages in various departments of the government. The Minority Language Protection laws should aim at encouraging training of interested people to use their native languages. This can be done by encouraging the training of native languages in government schools

Crisps and Snacks Essay Example for Free

Crisps and Snacks Essay Walker Crisps control the largest part of the crisps market in the United Kingdom, but lost significant market share three years ago when consumers began turning to other forms of snack. Furthermore, as the populace is made increasingly aware of the poor nutrition of some snack foods, the high salt content, and high fat content, they appear to be turning away from brands perceived as less healthy. Unfortunately, despite a revamping of products in 2006, most crisps products are viewed as less healthy and nutritious than alternatives such as cereal bars. . National campaigns designed to improve the quality of school lunches were effective at turning parents away from crisps as a lunchbox staple and adult health campaign have lead people to consider other snack options including fruits, nuts, yogurt and cereal bars. In addition, there is some indication that a declining birth rate has also negatively impacted demand for crisps as they tend to be most popular among the males in their teens and early twenties. Older and more affluent snackers choose other options including specialty, private label crisps, corn-based snacks and gourmet crisps with exotic flavors. It also seems clear from evidenced reported by Mintel analysis of the snack food market that there are some areas in which crisps cannot compete, as some consumers, particularly women seem attached to chocolate and sweet biscuits as a preferred indulgent snack. And, there is a marketing nightmare brewing. While crisps must shed their image as fatty, over-salted snacks with no nutritional value if they are to maintain their market share in a health-conscious environment, evidence suggests that men in particular do not want to eat something labeled as â€Å"diet† or â€Å"healthy†. The key appears to be a serious media campaign to change the way people think about crisps. Evidence suggestions that the three trends most likely to impact the crisps market are: a desire to purchase healthier snacks, a desire for classier snacks, and a desire to eliminate snacking in general. The Move toward Healthier Snacks The evidence is clear that the trend in snacking is to find healthier alternatives. Walker crisps was able to regain some of its lost market share in 2006 with the introduction and promotion of healthier, â€Å"baked† varieties, but still faces an uphill battle. In a recent poll, nearly half of the consumers questioned said they would be willing to spend more to be able to buy foods that were free from chemical additives (Mintel, 2007). Since many so-called â€Å"diet† foods are laden with chemicals ranging from preservatives to artificial sweeteners, this may be a market niche that Walkers could exploit with an all-natural crisp. However, it will take a serious marketing campaign to educate consumers about the â€Å"dangers’ hidden in other snack foods. Mintel’s analysis of Walkers marketing expenditures over the last three years has indicated that they have begun to see the value of print advertising that explains the benefits of their newer, â€Å"healthier† product lines. However, it seems likely that Walkers will have to consider a new multimedia advertising campaign that redirects the way people think about crisps. A strict marketing campaign that shows crisp consumption as part of a healthy diet could also help the company retain market share. Currently, consumers are increasingly turning to other snack options in the belief that they are healthier than crisps. It might be advantageous to do a head to head comparison between crisps and several other snacks demonstrating the relative fat content, calories and other nutritional information. For example, the Mintel study showed that 23 percent of consumers snack on cereal bars, often in the belief that they are a healthy sack. However, reading a product label makes it clear that the average cereal bar has as many calories and carbohydrates as a bag of baked crisps. Walkers also needs to continue with current advertising campaigns which explain the change in oils used to create the crisps and the reduction in salt. All of these combined attacks on accepted nutritional ideas can help to recreate crisps in the minds of the consumer. Furthermore, Mintel analysis shows that consumers are less likely to buy branded products or healthy products when buying for use in entertaining. As part of their overall health campaign, Walkers might want to consider an advertising campaign similar to the ones used by American beer companies. â€Å"Friends don’t let friends drink bad beer† could become something along the lines of â€Å"Show your friends you have great taste, buy walker crisps. † Though the concept is a bit loose, it could be refined and would likely results in increased sales for Walkers. The Move to Classier Snacks Another interesting trend within snack food is the move toward hand-cooked or gourmet crisps. These premium brands tend to be smaller manufacturers instead of multinational corporations like Walkers, which is a division of PepsiCo. These brands are gaining in popularity among more affluent, educated consumers. They have shown a preference for exotic flavors like â€Å"Thai sweet chili† and sea salt and malt vinegar instead of the standard crisps (Mintel, 2007). To that end, it is in the best interest of Walkers to continue to expand their line of premium crisps and to develop new flavors that are likely to appeal to consumers. Within this market, it is also important to appeal to the health conscious consumer, so any effort that can be made to create these new flavors using infused oils and natural spices instead of something cooked up with chemicals is a plus (Mintel, 2007). These consumers are more educated and therefore more likely to be well-informed about the products that they are putting into their bodies. These consumers are in many ways the perfect target for an educational advertising campaign which asks why they are depriving themselves of the textures and flavors they love just so that they can eat a cereal bar that tastes like cardboard. This is also a good market to explore because this demographic is less concerned about the price and more concerned about giving themselves a special treat. Often, hey view everything they eat, drink and wear as a form of status symbol and Walkers would do well to establish their premiums brands within this niche. An advertising campaign that reminds consumers that doing something nice for themselves should also taste good would play well to this demographic. The Move Away from Snacking As part of a health-consciousness campaign, citizens of the United Kingdom are being taught that snacking between meals is leading to the Britain’s obesity problem and should be cut out (Mintel, 2007). According to the Mintel poll, fewer people every year admit to eating between meals. While this may be a factor of people not admitting to themselves what their true behavior patterns are, it can mean that they are not planning ahead for snacking and not purchasing traditional snack foods like crisps. One of the best ways to deal with this would be another form of reeducation for the populace. Though dietary requirements are in an ever-changing state of flux as science learns more and more about how the body works, many diets argue that five or six small meals a day maintain blood sugar levels better than the traditional three meals a day. So, even if the addition is simply mid-morning and afternoon tea, Walkers and other snack providers need to change the way the United Kingdom thinks about snacks. Again, the goal is not to have crisps replace full meals like breakfast, but crisps with tea might be a marketing ploy that Walkers could successfully market especially in terms of their premium, exotic brands. Acknowledging that they are competing with scones and sweet biscuits and everything else for every moment the consumer chooses a snack is imperative to Walkers efforts to maintain their market share. Conclusions The simple truth is that snack foods are facing an increased amount of competition every day with more and more companies looking for alternatives to the standard potato crisp. Therefore, companies which rely on crisps as a major segment of their brand identity must find new ways to market and appeal to consumers. Since we have established that current buying behavior seems to be based on perceived nutritional value, perceived class and the perception that snacking makes you fat, an aggressive marketing campaign designed to challenge these notions and change them is necessary. Walks must change the perception of crisps as an unhealthy waste of calories and a blase snack. They must jazz it up and create a desire for people to incorporate crisps into their daily diet. Otherwise, they will continue to watch their market share slip away. WORKS CITED â€Å"Crisps and Snacks†, Mintel Reports, May, 2007.

A Million Miles from Home - Original Writing Essay -- Papers

A Million Miles from Home - Original Writing The dismal black forest hid the house in its shadows. The house appeared empty; its impression of wealth and elegance had faded. The iron gates were drenched in dead roses, making the house unattractive. The path had been swallowed by the trees until there was no path at all. Everything seemed bleak, and death mourned upon the house. She cried for months, not knowing how to occupy her self. As it grew inside her, she felt she has less reason to stay in this realm. She knew the mutation which was occurring inside her womb, but her mind failed to accept it. She could not appreciate that everything had malformed; her husband left her and the unborn child she had carried was due to be present to the world. A Tuesday morning of 1959, she awoke with discontent. She stood, holding the posts of her bed, finding the weight of her body too much for her legs. Her legs trembled and her hands grasped tighter. The pain became unbearable, as she started to scream. She fell to the floor, pulling the drapes off the bed, smashing glass into a million and one pieces. She crawled to the bathroom, gasping for air. The pain became subtle. She knew that the last nine months of her body’s transformation depended on this moment. Now she had to accept, she was in labour. She walked to the kitchen for towels and hot water. The wooden floor on her feet was unusually cold. There was a peculiar smell as she entered the corridor, which seemed abnormally dark. She got to the kitchen, the door was ajar. She pushed through effortlessly and, curiously, there was a chair backed up against the door. There w... ... The picture was happy, so very happy. â€Å"This is your bloody mother, she ruined your father, and she deserved to be in the situation she is now. You are so like her!† Geraldine could not keep her mouth shut. She grasped the racket tightly in her hand. Geraldine stood up behind Indie. She lifted her arm back and swung through the air. Indie fell to the floor. . . . . . Indie stood up, she tuned to face Geraldine but she had already left. She turned to help her mother. Indie picked the woman off the floor, but she stood up. The woman faced Indie, and held her child in her awaiting arms. Indie had never felt so belonged in her whole life. The baby began to cry, Indie placed the baby in her arms and uncovered the sheets. The blood had cleared from the wall, and everything was perfect, absolutely perfect.

Supply side factors of drop out for students

Harmonizing to the National Plan for 2003-2015 ( 2003 ) of the Royal Government of Cambodia, Education for All ( EFA ) is the first critical and inevitable measure for bettering and sharpening human resources, which are needfully needed for Cambodia ‘s economic fight in an progressively planetary and regional economic system. Driven by a figure of development be aftering enterprises by the Royal Government of Cambodia, the constitution of EFA, which was approved by the Royal Government of Cambodia in 2002, came into consequence. In add-on, the National Plan emphasizes that, to develop the state ‘s economic system, Cambodia needs to guarantee its ain countrywide basic instruction, primary and lower secondary instruction, since the Government firmly believes EFA is the first and inevitable mechanism for Cambodia to make its ain Socio Economic Development Plan II ( SEDP II ) by agencies of equalising educational entree among its both advantaged and disadvantaged kids. This E FA program is besides encouraged by the on-going Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan ( PRSP ) of 2002, which aims at poorness decrease in Cambodia since the Government found that it has been the chief trap well lending to hapless pupils ‘ dropouts in Cambodia Basic Education. A paper by United Nations Children ‘s Fun ( UNICEF ) ( 2007 ) , which outlined the cosmopolitan primary instruction by aiming making the unapproachable in Cambodia, emphasizes that, to guarantee EFA in Cambodia, it is necessarily necessary to guarantee correlativity between both supply and demand-driven factors since the two factors are inseparable, intertwined tow-side consequence. This research, conducted by agencies of literature reappraisal from several beginnings, purposes to reply the undermentioned inquiries: What are these demand-side and supply-side which may forestall hapless kids from remaining in school? What does the Kampuchean Government do to cut down the influence of these factors on drop-out? The followers are the illustrations over the above research job, which chronologically includes the present state of affairs of drop-out in basic instruction in Cambodia, both supply-side and demand-side factors which may forestall hapless kids from remaining in school, and the Kampuchean Government ‘s solution in cut downing the influence of these factors on drop-out.Present Situation of Drop-out in Cambodia Basic EducationWith necessary engagement in their household ‘s economic activities, Kampuchean pupils in basic instruction normally face late school entry and early school dropout ( ILO, UNICEF, 2006 ) . The same research by ILO and UNICEF ( 2006 ) besides explains that about 16 per centum of Kampuchean kids are already active in their household ‘s economic work at the age of six while over half of them are involved at the age of 10. Therefore, kids engagement in economic activities exceeds that in school by the age of 15. In this sense, most of them merely ana lyze entirely, so they consider dropout. A study by World Bank ( 2005 ) shows that dropout rate becomes the highest during the pupils ‘ passage from primary schools to take down secondary schools. While the pupils are making their basic instruction, some of them choose to drop out of school without even finishing it. The study, furthermore, identifies many grounds of dropout, in which poorness seems to be the most influential ( as cited World Food Programme, 2007 ) . The tabular array below is the illustration by MoEYS/UNESCO ( 2000 ) , and NPRS ( 2005 ) on different grounds why pupils in Cambodia basic instruction bead out of school:ReasonsMales ( % )Female ( % )Parents ‘ poorness 22.3 19 Needed at place 1.6 21.1 Poor instruction 0.4 0.4 Distance to school 2.9 2.9 Schooling is non utile 0.4 0.3 Family migration 3.9 3.9 Other grounds 11 8.8 No response 37.5 43.6 Beginning: MoEYS/UNESCO ( 2000 ) /NPRS ( 2005 ) ( as cited in World Food Programme, 2007, p. 5 ) Harmonizing to the tabular array above, MoEYS/UNESCO ( 2000 ) /NPRS ( 2005 ) shows that poorness is the most influential factor forestalling pupils from traveling to school and hence doing them to drop out. It besides shows a great difference in the figure of pupils who reach the last class in primary schools and the proportion of pupils who continue their survey to take down secondary schools. The study moreover explains that, despite the abolishment of primary school fees, the secondary schools ‘ fees are non free. Therefore, possibly these are the grounds why pupils decide to drop out of school during the period of their passage from primary to take down secondary school since their parents or households can non afford their go oning instruction. The same determination by MoEYS/UNESCO ( 2000 ) and NPRS ( 2005 ) illustrates that, despite increasing proportion of pupils traveling to primary schools, there are still a big figure of pupils dropping out of schools or non inscribi ng for their go oning instruction in lower secondary schools ( as cited in World Food Programme, 2007 ) .Supply-side FactorsA statement by UNICEF ( 2007 ) identifies three chief supply-side factors, which prevent hapless kids from remaining in school, viz. unequal public outgo on primary instruction, high pupil-teacher ratio, and uncomplete school substructure. The study shows that, even though 80 to 84 per centum of entire Kampuchean instruction budget has been allocated to basic instruction, turn toing the issue of unequal public outgo is still a job, which to boot involves deciding issues of distance from school, installations and substructure of school, and instructors ‘ preparation and Numberss, peculiarly for entree to primary schools in distant and rural countries. The account, furthermore, emphasizes â€Å" aˆÂ ¦though investing in instruction has helped to increase the net registration rate in Cambodia by over 20 per centum over the period 1997 to 2004, a signif icant figure of kids still denied instruction opportunitiesaˆÂ ¦ † ( UNICEF, 2007, p. 8 ) . In add-on, high pupil-teacher ratio is besides a job. â€Å" Pupil-teacher ratio in schools in the poorest 300 communes averaged every bit much as 79 students per instructor compared with 46 in schools in the richest 300 communes † ( World Bank, 2006, p.101 ) . Another statistics sing high pupil-teacher ratio in primary instruction shows: The pupil-teacher ratio in Cambodia does non compare favourably with that of other states in the regionaˆÂ ¦ Cambodia has one of the highest pupil-teacher ratios in the part, between 1.8 to 2.9 times more than other states. The high pupil-teacher ratio has a direct influence on attending and larning results, and it peculiarly affects those kids populating in underserved countries of the state ( UNICEF, 2007, p. 9 ) . UNICEF ( 2007 ) , furthermore, shows that uncomplete school substructure besides affects students ‘ survey in schools, particularly who chiefly live in distant countries and those who can non afford their day-to-day transit. The determination proves that, despite to-some-extent betterment in structural substructure in basic instruction in Cambodia, a figure of uncomplete schools remain still. Those uncomplete schools is the chief cause of primary school students ‘ drop-out since they can non travel upward as those uncomplete schools can non supply higher classs for them. Similarly, a 2004 World Bank study peculiarly points out four of import factors from supply-side: deficient school preparedness, a big figure of uncomplete primary schools, low quality of instructors, and unequal wellness attention installations, viz. H2O and latrines and such acquisition installations as library. The study posited the roots of students ‘ dropouts on poorness trap, stating that: Poverty is the first factor that predisposes kids to drop out of school. Poor households are unable to pay the cost of schooling that could be every bit high of 79 per cent of the per capita non-food outgo of the poorest 20 per cent of the population. Children ‘s deficiency of school preparedness frequently a consequence of malnutrition and deficiency of preschool experiences is another factor that particularly impacts negatively on Grade 1 repeat and drop-out ( as cited in UNICEF, 2005, p. 9 ) . Mainstreaming Inclusive Education Undertaking by Voluntary Service Oversea ( VSO ) ( 2006 ) conducted a little pilot survey of a little sample of kids ( n=32 ) on primary school dropout in Kampot state, and it provided similar account on supply-side factors. One of the grounds is excess costs for school. The research shows that students are supposed to pay more for their excess lessons, or they would neglect in their survey. The 2nd ground is that their places are distant from schools. The research show that some pupils spend at least an hr each from place to school and this is the chief ground for their school dropouts. The concluding ground in the findings is instructors ‘ behaviour. The study emphasizes that physical penalty, harmonizing to 25 % of the kids, continues to be in school and is a factor that discourages some of them non to go to school ( VSO, 2006 ) .Demand-side FactorsIn the working documents by UNICEF ( 2007 ) on Universal Primary Education: Reaching the Unrea ched, demand-side explains three factors as the grounds for pupils dropouts, viz. poorness, geographics and ethnicity. First, poorness is really likely to be the most influential facet. Without even nutrient to eat for their day-to-day endurance, kids are required to work by their household. Cambodia Child Labor Survey emphasizes that around 50 % of all kids in Cambodia, aged from 7 to 14, were much more actively involved in economic aid in 2001 if compared with other with-similar-income states ( ILO, UNICEF and World Bank, 2006 ) . â€Å" Together with the demand of significant domestic work, this economic activity delays the chance that a kid would get down primary school by the official school entry age of six † ( UNICEF, 2007, p. 10 ) . In the same statement, UNICEF ( 2007 ) found that costs of kid schooling is the issue. Since cost of basic education-both direct and indirect-is high in Cambodia, hapless pupils find it disputing to remain in school, but sing dropout might be the better pick. Poverty is besides a chief cause of hapless pupils ‘ late entry into primary school. World Bank ( 2005b ) has found that â€Å" Children in Cambodia enter school well subsequently than the official school enrolment age of six, averaging 7.6 old ages as of 2001, † ( as cited in UNICEF, 2007, p. 11 ) . Therefore, this delayed start in school seems to be a terrible disheartenment in their academic continuance and it therefore appears to be the account about why hapless pupils decide to drop out of school. Second, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports ( 2006 ) shows geographical location earnestly affects hapless pupils ‘ survey in footings of non merely farness but besides school conditions. Students whose agencies of transit is non low-cost have to travel to school on nutrient for long distance. At the same clip, the school conditions in distant countries are normally much worse than those in the urban countries. With no longer tolerance t o this regular state of affairs, most hapless pupils choose to discontinue school ( as cited in UNICEF, 2007 ) . Third, the study by UNICEF ( 2007 ) illustrates that cultural minorities largely live in rural countries, and they therefore do non truly mean to remain in school since survey can assist them with about nil. Therefore, dropout would be their better manner. In add-on, the same pilot survey by VSO ( 2006 ) besides identifies four factors from demand-side as the grounds why pupils drop out of schools, viz. demand for kids to work, deficiency of personal resources, deficiency of assurance, and unwellness. Need for kids to work to back up their household is largely inevitable for hapless kids in Cambodia. The determination states that around 25 % are required to assist their households with any necessary plants. The study adds, â€Å" in these state of affairss, school is frequently an excess load. Children become exhausted and therefore unable to concentrate on their survey † ( VSO, 2006, p. 16 ) . Consequently, this difficult work may forestall them from traveling to school. In add-on, guaranting adequate resources for their survey is besides the issue. â€Å" Similarly, 12.5 % of the interviewed kids [ n=32 ] in Kampot state are found unable to afford books or pens, so they can non take portion in lessons. Even though this ground is non given as a chief ground for dropping out, but it is at least in concurrence with other grounds † ( VSO, 2006, p. 17 ) . VSO ( 2006 ) adds that deficiency of assurance partially affects the pupils ‘ survey. 9 % of those kids dropped out as the consequence of their ain hapless public presentation in school. With deficiency of assurance in head, pupils are more likely to discontinue school. The account adds that, of those grounds, unwellness is another since, even though it is a rare instance, pupils are more likely to discontinue school when they are earnestly sick.Government ‘s SolutionsTo cover with this dropout issue, the Royal Government of Cambodia, with Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports as executive mechanism, needs to guarantee effectual execution for the undermentioned undertakings. UNICEF ( 2005 ) emphasizes that the MoEYS foremost needs to implement and vouch that all Kampuchean kids, particularly the hapless, are given equal chance to acquire choice instruction and to accomplish just entree to instruction. Second, the MoEYS besides needs to endeavor to supply more chances for vulnerable groups to acquire mine old ages of basic instruction. To accomplish these two chief aims, the MoEYS has outlined some of import, relevant schemes in ESP/ESSP. These include abolishment of the cost barrier to basic instruction and other illegal Acts of the Apostless by agencies of first doing enrolment run effectual ; 2nd providing to the demand and scholarship for secondary instruction, chiefly for those hapless and vulnerable kids ; 3rd extinguishing uncomplete primary schools by constructing extra schoolrooms and more lower secondary schools in underserved countries ; four turn outing school operational budget ; 5th cut downing repeat and drop-out chiefly in Grade 1 to 6 ; 6th supplying more chances for kids out of school to re-entry ; 7th making plans for out-of-school young person to acquire equal instruction ; eighth spread outing l iteracy plans for grownup ; and eventually seeking to enroll instructors from remote and cultural minority country. In a more elaborate account by EFA ( 2003 ) , to cover with these issues, the Royal Government of Cambodia has introduced a figure of strategic programs, in which some are in the procedure of execution while some are the future programs. First, it was necessary for the Government to set up both â€Å" Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan ( PRSP ) and Socio Economic Development Plan ( SEDPII ) † since the Government believes that long-run EFA sustainability, particularly to help the hapless or other deprived pupils, will ne'er be ensured without these two programs ( EFA, 2003, p. 19 ) . In another broader context, about comprehensive instruction reform has to be implemented with thorough accent on following cardinal mileposts 2000/2002: â€Å" Design and execution of PAP for primary instruction, concentrating on cut downing cost load on the hapless and publicity of improved internal efficiency in early 2000. Formulation of preliminary instruction policy and strategic model, as portion of interim PRSP in mid-2000. MoEYS hosting of Government, givers and NGO seminars on international experiences of sector broad attack to education reform in mid/late 2000. Formal understanding to education partnership rules by MoEYS, givers, NGO advisory group in early 2001, alongside revival of donor instruction sector w0rking group. Joint reappraisal and assessment of ESP and ESSP, climaxing in joint ESSP assessment study and collaborative forward program and high degree instruction unit of ammunition tabular array in mid 2001. Design and execution of assorted mode instruction sector support plan and complementary capacity edifice aid plan by cardinal donor Alliess in early 2002. MoEYS and donors/NGO readying of poorness impact, sector public presentation, revised ESSP and donors/NGO study as portion of first ESSP public presentation reappraisal in late 2002. Formulation of preliminary PRSP and MTEF, pulling on the policy and strategic waies set out in the revised ESSP 2002/6 in late 2002 † ( EFA, 2003, pp. 19-20 ) .DecisionWith elaborate amplification in response to the above research inquiries, brief decision on dropout grounds in Cambodia basic instruction can been seen as an interconnected factors between both demand-side and supply-side, which need necessary solutions from the authorities. In supply-side factor, dropout is affected by five chief grounds, viz. unequal public outgo on primary instruction, high pupil-teacher ratio, uncomplete school substructure, low quality of instructors, and deficiency of school installations, which are largely the duties of the authorities. Likewise, demand-side factors are besides the instance, in which pupils necessarily face several challenges: poorness, geographics, ethnicity, demand for kids to work, deficiency of personal resources, deficiency of assurance, and unwellness. Of all the gro unds from demand-side, poorness seems to be the most seeable ground in the pupils ‘ dropout. As can be see in the above literature reappraisals, their household ‘s fiscal crisis is the most influential barrier which causes their late school entry and ignorance. With these challenges, pupils seem to hold less motive in their survey, and they therefore end up with dropping out of school. To manage this issue, the Royal Government of Cambodia should make four prioritized undertakings: equalising basic educational entree to all pupils, supplying more chances to vulnerable groups, set uping Poverty Reduction Strategic Plan ( PRSP ) , and developing Socio Economic Development Plan ( SEDPII ) . With all the undertakings successfully accomplished, drop-out rate is expected to diminish consequently.